{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:01:38Z","timestamp":1785196898424,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["2R15GM128166-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R15GM128166-02"]}]},{"name":"UCCS BioFrontiers center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinning disk confocal microscopy enables fast optical sectioning with low phototoxicity but is often inaccessible due to high hardware costs. We present a lower-cost solution using a 25-megapixel machine vision CMOS camera and a custom-built spinning disk. This camera uses a back-illuminated sensor with high quantum efficiency and low read noise. High-resolution images of Thy1-GFP mouse brain slices, Drosophila embryos and larvae, and H&amp;E-stained rat testis verified performance across 3D tissue volumes. The measured resolution was 215.8 nm in X, Y and 521.9 nm in Z with a 60\u00d7\/1.42 NA objective. The custom disk, made with 18 \u00b5m pinholes (180 \u00b5m pitch) on a chrome photomask and mounted to an optical chopper motor, enables stable, near-telecentric imaging at lower magnifications. Micromanager software integration allows synchronized control of all hardware, which demonstrates that affordable CMOS sensors can potentially replace sCMOS in spinning disk microscopy, offering an open-access, scalable solution for advanced imaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25237183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T16:31:54Z","timestamp":1764088314000},"page":"7183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Low-Cost Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy with a 25-Megapixel Camera"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4802-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy M.","family":"Hagen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCCS BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCCS BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Summer","family":"Levis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCCS BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCCS BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristan C.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCCS BioFrontiers Center, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cybulski, J.S., Clements, J., and Prakash, M. 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