{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:14:19Z","timestamp":1787958859843,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring the structural integrity of prestressed (PS) concrete is essential for the safety and longevity of infrastructure. Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) testing is a widely used non-destructive testing (NDT) method for detecting fractures in prestressing steel. This study explores the application of quantum sensors based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in artificial diamonds for MFL testing and presents a novel method for processing continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (CW-ODMR) data into vectorized magnetic field measurements. These sensors offer high sensitivity, low hysteresis, and multi-directional magnetic field detection, making them a promising alternative for advanced NDT applications. A data processing framework was developed to transform CW-ODMR measurements into vectorized magnetic flux density values in the x, y, and z directions. This process enables the conversion of crystallographic sensor orientations into calibrated field directions, ensuring precise magnetic field reconstruction. The method was validated through 121 fracture measurements and 19 open-bar-end measurements, demonstrating its effectiveness in extracting high-resolution vectorized magnetic field data. A subsequent statistical evaluation quantified the influence of sensor displacement, magnetization direction, magnetization distance, and measurement distance. These findings establish a foundation for integrating quantum sensors into MFL-based NDT, with potential applications extending beyond building inspections to a wide range of advanced sensing technologies in scientific and industrial fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25237279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T17:35:17Z","timestamp":1764956117000},"page":"7279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Implementing Nitrogen Vacancy Center Quantum Sensor Technology for Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Villing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Testing Institute (MPA), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Niethammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Quantum GmbH, 70178 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca-Ion","family":"Ari\u015fanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Quantum GmbH, 70178 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-7364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Testing Institute (MPA), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Garrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Testing Institute (MPA), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-01522-6","article-title":"Buitrago. 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