{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:57:21Z","timestamp":1783385841976,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62303108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62303108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Jinggao Investment Consulting Co., Ltd.","award":["D-8006-23-0223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-8006-23-0223"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coral reefs are facing a catastrophic decline due to climate-induced bleaching, threatening critical marine biodiversity. Automated, large-scale monitoring is essential; however, modern object detectors are hindered by two fundamental limitations in complex underwater scenes: a spatial reasoning deficit in their decoupled heads, which inhibits robust multi-scale feature integration, and a feature robustness deficit, which renders deterministic networks vulnerable to stochastic visual variations. To address these limitations, we propose Coral-YOLO, a novel framework for detection and forecasting. We introduce the Holistic Attention Block Head (HAB-Head), which enables deep cross-scale reasoning through explicit feature interaction, and MCAttention, a randomized training mechanism that enables the network to learn scale-invariant features with inherent robustness. Evaluated on our newly curated, multi-year CR-Mix dataset, Coral-YOLO achieves a state-of-the-art 50.3% AP (average precision at IoU threshold 0.5:0.95, following COCO metrics), representing a +1.8 percentage point improvement over the YOLOv12-m baseline, with particularly pronounced gains on small objects (+2.6 percentage points in APS). Crucially, its integrated temporal forecasting module achieves 82.7% accuracy in predicting future coral health, substantially outperforming conventional methods. Coral-YOLO sets a new performance benchmark and enables proactive reef conservation. It provides a powerful tool to identify at-risk corals long before severe bleaching becomes visually apparent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25237284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T17:35:17Z","timestamp":1764956117000},"page":"7284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Coral-YOLO: An Intelligent Optical Vision Sensing Framework for High-Fidelity Marine Habitat Monitoring and Forecasting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1593-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Electric Power University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingbo","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering College, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiesen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Ecological Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Ecological Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiani","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Ecological Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1515\/9783111353951-016","article-title":"Marine Resources: Plethora of Opportunities for Sustainable Future","volume":"367","author":"Katiyar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. 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