{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T20:07:10Z","timestamp":1773086830955,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taighde Eireann-Research Ireland","award":["13\/RC\/2094_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/RC\/2094_P2"]}]},{"name":"M.C."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Haptic technology has long been integrated into simulated (sim) environments to create a sense of realism and improve performance. In sim racing, force and vibrotactile feedback have been implemented into steering wheels to create a more realistic experience. However, little is understood about how these types of feedback convey information to the sim racer. This study aimed to decode the vibration frequencies transferred through the steering wheel to the user and investigate how these frequencies vary as the strength of each feedback channel is manipulated. Methods: Using a Noraxon Ultium EMG accelerometer, the movements of a Logitech G Pro sim racing wheel were recorded whilst four participants completed five clean laps across nine different conditions. During each condition, a combination of force feedback (0 nm, 6 nm, or 11 nm) and vibrotactile feedback (0%, 50%, or 100%) settings were altered. Accelerometer data were pre-processed and Fast Fourier Transforms were performed to allow examination of signal power at frequencies of up to 200 Hz. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were performed to investigate differences in power at relevant frequencies across conditions and laps. Results: Wheel motion was predominantly contained within the 0\u20135 Hz (force feedback and racer input) and 25\u201330 Hz ranges. No significant differences were seen in 0\u20135 Hz power between conditions, but the 25\u201330 Hz range was observed to exponentially increase as vibrotactile feedback was linearly increased. Finally, 25\u201330 Hz power at a fixed vibrotactile feedback intensity significantly decreased when the force feedback intensity was increased. Discussion and Conclusions: This study decodes the haptic feedback relayed to the user through a sim racing wheel and highlights atypical changes to signal amplitude across various frequency bands when altering force and vibrotactile feedback intensity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25237307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764960122000},"page":"7307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decoding the Feeling: Investigating the Vibration Used in Sim Racing Steering Wheel Haptic Feedback"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1757-2937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciara J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Esports Science Research Laboratory, Lero, The Research Ireland Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9607-7675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Esports Science Research Laboratory, Lero, The Research Ireland Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Sport Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2193-0138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam J.","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Esports Science Research Laboratory, Lero, The Research Ireland Centre for Software Research, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland"},{"name":"Centre for Sport Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Srinivasan, M.A. (1995). 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