{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T05:14:59Z","timestamp":1765343699896,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005033","name":"Bialystok University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WZ\/WE-IA\/7\/2023","WZ\/WE-IA\/2\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WE-IA\/7\/2023","WZ\/WE-IA\/2\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article describes a system for monitoring the vital parameters of evacuated individuals, integrating three key functionalities: pulse detection, verification of wristband contact with the skin, and motion recognition. For pulse detection, the system employs the MAX30102 optical sensor and a signal processing algorithm presented in the study. The algorithm is based on spectral analysis using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and incorporates a nonparametric estimator of the probability density function (PDF) in the form of Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). This developed real-time algorithm enables reliable assessment of vital parameters of evacuated individuals. The wristband contact with the skin is verified by measuring the brightness of backscattered light and the temperature of the wrist. Motion detection is achieved using the MPU-9250 inertial module, which analyzes acceleration across three axes. This allows the system to distinguish between states of rest and physical activity, which is crucial for accurately interpreting vital parameters during evacuation. The experimental studies, which were performed on a representative group of individuals, confirmed the correctness of the developed algorithm. The system ensures reliable monitoring of vital parameters by combining precise pulse detection, skin contact verification, and motion analysis. The classifier achieves nearly 95% accuracy and an F1-score of 0.9465, which indicates its high quality. This level of effectiveness can be considered fully satisfactory for evacuation monitoring systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25237391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764960122000},"page":"7391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Implementation of Vital Signs Detection Algorithm for Supervising the Evacuation of Individuals with Special Needs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5120-0457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Konopko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5183-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Janczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2607-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Walendziuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"A Survey on Indoor Positioning Technologies","volume":"164","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Commun. 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