{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:52:09Z","timestamp":1791823929712,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China Railway Group Limited","award":["Major Special Project, No. : 2022-Special-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Major Special Project, No. : 2022-Special-09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aiming at the problem that low-quality images and low-precision control points lead to scale differences between the survey area model and the real model in UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) vision-based 3D deformation monitoring, which impairs the accuracy of deformation monitoring, this paper develops a spatial 3D scale for providing high-precision scale information and proposes a UAV vision-based deformation monitoring method with 3D scale constraints, thereby improving the deformation monitoring accuracy in large-scale survey areas. Experimental results show that compared with the monitoring method using only control points as constraints, the proposed method achieves accuracy (RMSE) improvement rates of 38.6% and 48.1% in the horizontal and elevation directions respectively during four phases of UAV operations, and the 3D deformation accuracy (RMSE) improvement rate remains at approximately 42.3% during seven phases of UAV operations. This verifies the effectiveness and reliability of the UAV vision-based deformation monitoring method with 3D scale constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25247418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764960122000},"page":"7418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A UAV Vision-Based Deformation Monitoring Method with 3D Scale Constraints"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6264-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianlin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of High-Speed Railway Construction Technology, Changsha 410075, China"},{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Railway Group Limited, Beijing 100039, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1606-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wujiao","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deyong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of High-Speed Railway Construction Technology, Changsha 410075, China"},{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2017.09.003","article-title":"A New Control Mark for Photogrammetry and Its Localization from Single Image Using Computer Vision","volume":"56","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. 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