{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:05:06Z","timestamp":1790960706816,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging technologies such as urban air mobility and autonomous vehicles increasingly rely on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for accurate positioning. However, GNSS alone suffers from severe degradation in complex environments, particularly due to multipath effects caused by reflections from surrounding structures. These effects distort pseudo-range measurements and, in combination with signal attenuation and blockage, lead to significant positioning errors. To address this challenge, this study proposes a loosely integrated navigation framework that combines GNSS, ultra-wideband (UWB), and inertial navigation system (INS) data. UWB enables high-precision ranging, and we further extend its application to estimate the locations of UWB anchors themselves. This approach alleviates a major technical limitation of UWB systems, which typically require anchor positions near buildings to be precisely surveyed beforehand. Field experiments were conducted in multipath-prone outdoor environments using a drone equipped with GNSS, UWB, and INS sensors. The results demonstrate that the proposed GNSS\/UWB\/INS integration reduces positioning errors by up to approximately 90% compared with GNSS\/INS integration. Moreover, in areas surrounded by UWB anchors (UWB-Anchored Area), submeter-level positioning accuracy was achieved. These findings highlight the robustness of the proposed method against multipath interference and its potential to overcome anchor-dependency issues, thereby contributing to safe and reliable navigation solutions for future urban applications such as eVTOL operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25247419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764960122000},"page":"7419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Robust Navigation in Multipath Environments Using GNSS\/UWB\/INS Integration with Anchor Position Estimation Toward eVTOL Operations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Osaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Nakamozu Campus, Osaka 599-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9097-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Tsujii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Nakamozu Campus, Osaka 599-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration (2024). 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