{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:05:11Z","timestamp":1792242311695,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mitacs Globalink Research fund"},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada Discovery grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bridges serve as vital connectors in the transportation network and infrastructure. Given their significance, it is crucial to continuously monitor bridge conditions to ensure the efficient operation of transportation systems. With advancements in sensing technologies, transportation infrastructure assessment has evolved through the integration of structural health monitoring (SHM) methodologies. Traditionally, bridge monitoring has relied on direct sensor instrumentation; however, this method encounters practical obstacles, including traffic disruptions and limited sensor availability. In contrast, indirect bridge health monitoring (iBHM) utilizes data from moving traffic on the bridge itself. This innovative approach eliminates the need for embedded instrumentation, as sensors on vehicles traverse the bridge, capturing the dynamic characteristics of the bridge. In this paper, system identification methods are explored to analyze the acceleration data gathered using a bicycle-mounted sensor traversing the bridge. To explore the feasibility of this micromobility-based approach, bridge responses are measured under varying traversing conditions combined with dynamic rider\u2013bicycle\u2013bridge interaction for comprehensive evaluation. The proposed method involves a hybrid approach combining Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) with Synchro-extracting Transform (SET), which are employed to analyze the time\u2013frequency characteristics of the acceleration signals of bike-based iBHM. The results indicate that the combination of WPT-SET demonstrates superior robustness and accuracy in isolating dominant nonstationary frequencies. The performance of the proposed method is compared with another prominent signal processing algorithm known as Time-Varying Filtering Empirical Mode Decomposition (TVF-EMD). Ultimately, this study underscores the potential of bicycles as low-cost, mobile sensing platforms for iBHM that are otherwise inaccessible to motorized vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25247482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T12:42:43Z","timestamp":1765284163000},"page":"7482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hybrid Time\u2013Frequency Analysis for Micromobility-Based Indirect Bridge Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9650-1138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Premjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5685-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayan","family":"Sadhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2023.2211956","article-title":"Bridge structural safety assessment: A novel solution to uncertainty in the inspection practice","volume":"21","author":"Poli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Struct. 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