{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T04:37:20Z","timestamp":1782016640616,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wuxi University Research Start-up Fund for Introduced Talents","award":["No. 2023r039 and No. 2025r062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023r039 and No. 2025r062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate identification and monitoring of rice cultivation areas are essential for food security and sustainable agricultural development. However, regions with frequent cloud cover, high rainfall, and fragmented fields often face challenges due to the absence of temporal features caused by cloud and rain interference, as well as spectral confusion from scattered plots, which hampers rice recognition accuracy. To address these issues, this study employs a Satellite Image Time Series Transformer (SITS-Former) model, enhanced with the integration of diverse phenological features to improve rice phenology representation and enable precise rice identification. The methodology constructs a rice phenological feature set that combines temporal, spatial, and spectral information. Through its self-attention mechanism, the model effectively captures growth dynamics, while multi-scale convolutional modules help suppress interference from non-rice land covers. The study utilized Sentinel-2 satellite data to analyze rice distribution in Wuxi City. The results demonstrated an overall classification accuracy of 0.967, with the estimated planting area matching 91.74% of official statistics. Compared to traditional rice distribution analysis methods, such as Random Forest, this approach outperforms in both accuracy and detailed presentation. It effectively addresses the challenge of identifying fragmented rice fields in regions with persistent cloud cover and heavy rainfall, providing accurate mapping of cultivated areas in difficult climatic conditions while offering valuable baseline data for yield assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25247488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:49:01Z","timestamp":1765291741000},"page":"7488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrating Phenological Features with Time Series Transformer for Accurate Rice Field Mapping in Fragmented and Cloud-Prone Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Recognition and Remediation of Emerging Pollutants in Taihu Basin, School of Atmospheric Science and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4755-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Recognition and Remediation of Emerging Pollutants in Taihu Basin, School of Atmospheric Science and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (AEET), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Recognition and Remediation of Emerging Pollutants in Taihu Basin, School of Atmospheric Science and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huili","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Recognition and Remediation of Emerging Pollutants in Taihu Basin, School of Atmospheric Science and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Recognition and Remediation of Emerging Pollutants in Taihu Basin, School of Atmospheric Science and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"902","article-title":"Agricultural waste: Review of the evolution, approaches and perspectives on alternative uses","volume":"22","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. 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