{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:59:56Z","timestamp":1784642396210,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a high-sensitivity microwave sensor based on a modified Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) architecture, integrated with inductive stubs, for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. The proposed sensor is designed to enhance the electric field localization and coupling efficiency by introducing inductive elements that strengthen the perturbation effect caused by glucose concentration changes in the blood. Numerical simulations were conducted using a multilayer finger model to evaluate the sensor\u2019s performance under various glucose levels ranging from 0 to 500 mg\/dL. The modified sensor exhibits dual-resonance characteristics and outperforms the conventional CSRR in both frequency and amplitude sensitivity. At an optimized stub gap of 2 mm, which effectively minimizes the capacitive coupling effect of the transmission line and thereby improves the quality factor, the sensor achieves a frequency shift sensitivity of 0.086 MHz\/mg\/dL and an amplitude sensitivity of 0.02 dB\/mg\/dL, compared to 0.032 MHz\/mg\/dL and 0.0116 dB\/mg\/dL observed in the standard CSRR structure. This confirms a significant enhancement in sensing performance and field confinement due to the optimized inductive loading. These results represent significant enhancements of approximately 168% and 72%, respectively. With its compact design, increased sensitivity, and potential for wearable implementation, the proposed sensor offers a promising platform for continuous, real-time, and non-invasive glucose monitoring in biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25247592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T08:46:52Z","timestamp":1765874812000},"page":"7592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Design and Optimization of an Inductive-Stub-Coupled CSRR for Non-Invasive Glucose Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zaid A. Abdul","family":"Hassain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 1004, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malik J.","family":"Farhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 1004, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha A.","family":"Elwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Artificial Intelligence Engineering, College of Information Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-3047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulia Andreea","family":"Mocanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications Department, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7572","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3158003","article-title":"Boronic acid decorated graphene nano flakes for glucose sensing in diabetes: A DFT prediction","volume":"22","author":"Lakhera","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. 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