{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:02:59Z","timestamp":1792695779881,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ricerca Corrente"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ricerca Corrente"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: One of the main goals of rehabilitation after stroke is the restoration of motor function. Understanding movement patterns and compensatory strategies is essential to optimize therapy. This study analyzes upper limb kinematics during the Box and Block Test (BBT) to identify and quantify typical post-stroke compensation strategies. Methods: Thirty-one sub-acute stroke participants and thirty-one healthy controls were included. Kinematic data were collected using a 7-IMU system. Joint angles were analyzed with MATLAB R2023a, and 3D trajectories were reconstructed from calibrated quaternions and anthropometric data. Group differences were assessed with the Mann\u2013Whitney test. Compensation strategies were quantified in percentage terms relative to healthy subjects. Results: Significant intergroup differences were observed in mean joint angles and ranges of motion. On the paretic side, participants overused the wrist and shoulder to compensate for reduced elbow and trunk activity. Similar overuse was also observed on the unaffected side. Quantification showed that 83.9% and 80.6% compensate, respectively, with wrist and trunk and 67.7% with the shoulder. Conclusions: Using IMUs during the BBT, this study identified specific compensation strategies that may hinder recovery. It also contributed to developing a quantification scale, supporting more personalized rehabilitation and improved quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25247609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T08:46:52Z","timestamp":1765874812000},"page":"7609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Compensation Strategies in Post-Stroke Individuals: Insights from Upper Body Kinematics Analysis Based on Inertial Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4419-0541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie-Louise","family":"Thouant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Robotics, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5825-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Sofia","family":"Cocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Robotics, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3602-4197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Morone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Raffaele Institute of Sulmona, Viale dell\u2019Agricoltura, 67039 Sulmona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlotta Maria","family":"Manzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Robotics, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-8490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Infarinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Bioengineering Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2441-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Bioengineering Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3861-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Cioeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Science \u201cVincenzo Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2651-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Goffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Robotics, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Robotics, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaz","family":"Pournajaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromotor Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Robotics, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020). 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