{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T05:35:34Z","timestamp":1766036134241,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of remote sensing technology and deep learning, the port ship detection based on a single-stage algorithm has achieved remarkable results in optical imagery. However, most of the existing methods are designed and verified in specific scenes, such as fixed viewing angle, uniform background, or open sea, which makes it difficult to deal with the problem of ship detection in complex environments, such as cloud occlusion, wave fluctuation, complex buildings in the harbor, and multi-ship aggregation. To this end, ES-YOLO framework is proposed to solve the limitations of ship detection. A novel edge perception channel, Spatial Attention Mechanism (EACSA), is proposed to enhance the extraction of edge information and improve the ability to capture feature details. A lightweight spatial\u2013channel decoupled down-sampling module (LSCD) is designed to replace the down-sampling structure of the original network and reduce the complexity of the down-sampling stage. A new hierarchical scale structure is designed to balance the detection effect of different scale differences. In this paper, a remote sensing ship dataset, TJShip, is constructed based on Gaofen-2 images, which covers multi-scale targets from small fishing boats to large cargo ships. The TJShip dataset was adopted as the data source, and the ES-YOLO model was employed to conduct ablation and comparison experiments. The results show that the introduction of EACSA attention mechanism, LSCD, and multi-scale structure improves the mAP of ship detection by 0.83%, 0.54%, and 1.06%, respectively, compared with the baseline model, also performing well in precision, recall and F1. Compared with Faster R-CNN, RetinaNet, YOLOv5, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8 methods, the results show that the ES-YOLO model improves the mAP by 46.87%, 8.14%, 1.85%, 1.75%, and 0.86%, respectively, under the same experimental conditions, which provides research ideas for ship detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s25247630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:47:26Z","timestamp":1765889246000},"page":"7630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ES-YOLO: Multi-Scale Port Ship Detection Combined with Attention Mechanism in Complex Scenes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lixiang","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"},{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application, Langfang 065000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"},{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application, Langfang 065000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"},{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application, Langfang 065000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"},{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application, Langfang 065000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4935-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang 065000, China"},{"name":"Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Aerospace Remote Sensing Information Processing and Application, Langfang 065000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10455-x","article-title":"Ship detection with deep learning: A survey","volume":"56","author":"Er","year":"2023","journal-title":"Artif. 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