{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:28:10Z","timestamp":1766420890918,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP B83C22002820006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP B83C22002820006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and sensitive antibody detection remains critical for advanced COVID-19 diagnostics and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 immunity. This study presents a highly sensitive technique for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human serum using an integrated photonic sensing platform. The platform utilizes disposable one-dimensional photonic crystal biochips engineered to sustain Bloch Surface Waves. The biochips are integrated into a custom-made optical set-up, which is capable of dual-mode detection: label-free refractometry and label-based fluorescence. Tests on human serum, including negative controls and positive samples from a recovered COVID-19 patient, confirmed the platform\u2019s effective performance. In fluorescence mode, clear discrimination between positive and negative samples was achieved down to a 1:104 serum dilution, with an optimal operating range centered around 1:103 dilution. These results demonstrate the potential of the technique as a highly sensitive and versatile platform for antibody detection, with significant relevance for advanced COVID-19 diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1766420366000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Highly Sensitive Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Human Serum Using Bloch Surface Wave Biosensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8481-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Gaganina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8295-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostino","family":"Occhicone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Center for Life Nano and Neuro Science, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Chiappetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Center for Life Nano and Neuro Science, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8837-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Di Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Applied Science for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8927-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Danz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3398-8775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Allegretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Oncology Research Unit, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Fermo Ognibene 23, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3014-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Munzert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Mandoj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pathology Unit and Cancer Biobank, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. 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Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Center for Life Nano and Neuro Science, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04188-6","article-title":"The emergence, genomic diversity and global spread of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"600","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03263-6","article-title":"A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"87","author":"Singhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian, J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2020). 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