{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T05:16:01Z","timestamp":1766726161965,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hebei province graduate student innovation fund project","award":["ZY20250339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY20250339"]}]},{"name":"The Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["8242022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8242022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52578615"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52578615"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["51608118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51608118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the performance of horizontally reinforced composite foundations in resisting surface rupture of normal faults, this study designed and conducted a series of physical model tests. A systematic comparative analysis was performed on the fracture resistance of sites with three-layer sand, five-layer sand, and three-layer clay geogrid horizontally reinforced composite foundations under 70\u00b0 normal fault dislocation. The results indicate that significant changes in earth pressure serve as a precursor indicator of fault rupture, and their evolution process reveals the internal energy accumulation and release mechanism. Increasing the number of geogrid layers significantly enhances the lateral confinement of the foundation, resulting in a narrower macro-rupture zone located farther from the structure in sand sites, and promotes the formation of a step-fault scarp deformation mode at the surface, which is more conducive to structural safety. Under identical reinforcement conditions, the clay site exhibited comprehensively superior fracture resistance compared to the sand site due to the soil cohesion and stronger interfacial interaction with the geogrids, manifested as more significant deviation of the rupture path, and lower microseismic accelerations and structural strains transmitted to the building. Comprehensive analysis confirms that employing geogrid-reinforced composite foundations can effectively guide the surface rupture path and improve the deformation pattern, representing an effective engineering measure for mitigating disaster risk for buildings spanning active faults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26010090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T03:06:02Z","timestamp":1766718362000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the Fracture Resistance of Buildings on Composite Foundations with Horizontal Reinforcement Crossing Normal Faults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jiankang","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7444-6237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haonan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North China Geological Exploration Bureau Comprehensive Survey Team, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1802-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongjuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunfan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geological Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Active Fault Setback Research on Engineering Sites","volume":"2016","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recent Dev. 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