{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:29:41Z","timestamp":1766575781205,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate pain and stress assessment remains a challenge in patients with limited communication ability. Current galvanic skin response (GSR) devices lack real-time feedback, wireless communication, and robustness against motion artifacts, limiting their clinical utility. This paper presents the design and development of a wearable internet-of-things (IoT) enabled GSR system incorporating Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication, ergonomic mechanical housing, and artifact-filtering through a custom API. The system integrates finger-mounted electrodes, a custom amplifier and signal processor, an nRF52840 BLE microcontroller, and a rechargeable Li-ion battery in a compact 3D-printed wrist-mounted enclosure. Basic validation with two healthy subjects demonstrated reliable detection of stress-induced GSR fluctuations with reduced movement artifacts. Results indicate the feasibility of the proposed design as a low-cost, wireless, and ergonomic solution for objective pain and stress monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26010116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T11:22:14Z","timestamp":1766575334000},"page":"116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wearable IoT-Enabled Galvanic Skin Response Device for Objective Pain and Stress Monitoring: Hardware Design and Prototype Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Anushka N.","family":"Phadke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khawlah","family":"Harasheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Richmond, VA 23228, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9222-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satinder","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25258","DOI":"10.2196\/25258","article-title":"Pain Assessment Tool With Electrodermal Activity for Postoperative Patients: Method Validation Study","volume":"9","author":"Aqajari","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susam, B.T., Akcakaya, M., Nezamfar, H., Diaz, D., Xu, X., De Sa, V.R., Craig, K.D., Huang, J.S., and Goodwin, M.S. 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