{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:50:56Z","timestamp":1792180256286,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["401610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cycling-based rehabilitation is a non-invasive intervention for individuals with lower limb asymmetries. However, current cycling devices lack comprehensive biomechanical feedback and cannot assess asymmetry. Our lab has developed a novel cycle ergometer equipped with three-dimensional force pedals, a seat post and handlebar force sensors, which allow for a comprehensive analysis of asymmetry across a fatiguing task. This study assessed the reproducibility of the cycling kinetics and asymmetry index derived from this device during incremental and constant load cycling tasks to volitional failure. Eighteen participants completed incremental and constant-load tests, each across two identical sessions. Pedal forces and power were analyzed for each leg individually, and handlebar forces and seat post mediolateral sway were recorded during cycling. Normalized symmetry index (NSI), a metric quantifying the degree of asymmetry between limbs, was calculated for each variable. The reproducibility of the device was assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). No significant session or interaction effects were found for pedal, handlebar, and seat post measures (all p &gt; 0.05). Time effects were observed for pedal force and power in the incremental test (all p &lt; 0.001). NSI values were reproducible with high ICC values (\u22650.70) for force and power. The results suggest that this ergometer offers reproducible cycling kinetics and asymmetry measures across a fatiguing task. The findings support the application of this ergometer in research and rehabilitation settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26010320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:53:50Z","timestamp":1767610430000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reproducibility of Cycling Kinetics on an Ergometer Designed to Quantify Asymmetry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sierra","family":"Sweeney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6021-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahram","family":"Rasoulian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9301-8668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atousa","family":"Parsaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Heidary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7140-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Fazeli Veisari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saied Jalal","family":"Aboodarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0938-6099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Komeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2013.05.010","article-title":"Between-limb kinematic asymmetry during gait in unilateral and bilateral mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis","volume":"94","author":"Mills","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. 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