{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:53:47Z","timestamp":1767707627188,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["971007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["971007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present the design and characterisation of a 4.2-megapixel, wafer-scale CMOS image sensor, achieving over 5000 frames per second at full resolution. The sensor has a pixel pitch of 58 \u00b5m square pixels, thus being as large as a full 200 mm wafer. The sensor is read out on two sides and features column-parallel programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) as well as analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs). The array has 2052 columns and 2064 rows; 12 rows are read in parallel, so that the total number of ADCs is 24,624. The data is transmitted through 216 sub-LVDS lanes running at 1 Gbps in double data rate (DDR). Besides the row and column control, the sensor generates the necessary voltages and currents on a chip. The programming is performed through a serial-to-parallel interface (SPI). The sensor was optimised for direct detection of electrons, but it can also detect photons. Thus, it could be a good candidate for applications where high speed is needed, such as wavefront sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:49:46Z","timestamp":1767707386000},"page":"370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A 5000 Fps, 4 Megapixel, Radiation-Tolerant, Wafer-Scale CMOS Image Sensor for the Direct Detection of Electrons and Photons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMASENIC S.L., C. Torrassa 77, Sant Adri\u00e0 de Bes\u00f2s, 08930 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Bauz\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMASENIC S.L., C. 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