{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T13:09:50Z","timestamp":1792760990628,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-29-24204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-29-24204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003443","name":"Ministry of Higher Education and Science of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FFWG-2022-0007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFWG-2022-0007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003443","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present E-CAHORS\u2014a compact mid-infrared open-path diode-laser spectrometer designed for the simultaneous measurement of carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor concentrations in the near-surface atmospheric layer. These measurements, combined with simultaneous data from a three-dimensional anemometer, can be used to determine fluxes using the eddy-covariance method. The instrument utilizes two interband cascade lasers operating at 2.78 \u00b5m and 3.24 \u00b5m within a novel four-pass M-shaped optical cell, which provides high signal power and long-term field operation without requiring active air sampling. Two detection techniques\u2014tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) and a simplified wavelength modulation spectroscopy (sWMS)\u2014were implemented and evaluated. Laboratory calibration demonstrated linear responses for all gases (R2 \u2248 0.999) and detection precisions at 10 Hz of 311 ppb for CO2, 8.87 ppb for CH4, and 788 ppb for H2O. Field tests conducted at a grassland site near Moscow showed strong correlations (R = 0.91 for CO2 and H2O, R = 0.74 for CH4) with commercial LI-COR LI-7200 and LI-7700 analyzers. The TDLAS mode demonstrated lower noise and greater stability under outdoor conditions, while sWMS provided baseline-free spectra but was more sensitive to power fluctuations. E-CAHORS combines high precision, multi-species sensing capability with low power consumption (10 W) and a compact design (4.2 kg).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:20:37Z","timestamp":1768206037000},"page":"462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Open-Path Eddy-Covariance Laser Spectrometer for Simultaneous Monitoring of CO2, CH4, and H2O"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6669-2631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viacheslav","family":"Meshcherinov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS), 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7143-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iskander","family":"Gazizov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Pravuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS), 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6945-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktor","family":"Kazakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS), 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-3717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Zenevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Spiridonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS), 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamil","family":"Gazizov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8814-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennady","family":"Suvorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 143030 Uspenskoe, Russia"},{"name":"A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3263-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Kuricheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Lebedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS), 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imant","family":"Vinogradov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS), 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Rodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, 123592 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Glacken, C.J. 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Opt."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:11:13Z","timestamp":1768281073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s26020462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26020462","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]}}}