{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:36:55Z","timestamp":1768304215522,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WZ\/WB-II\u015a\/8\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WZ\/WB-II\u015a\/8\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the concepts of a vehicle pressure regulation ventilation system based on the results of absolute pressure measurements in land transport vehicles: passenger cars, buses and trains. Despite the fact that absolute pressure affects human well-being and health, this parameter is often overlooked in studies assessing thermal comfort. Absolute pressure measurements were taken during normal passenger transport operation. The studies were conducted for various terrain types: lowlands, highlands, and mountains. Absolute pressure fluctuations in land transport depended primarily on altitude, with the largest atmospheric pressure differences recorded in mountains and the smallest in lowlands. A pressure change of 8 hPa within a 24 h period constitutes an unfavorable mechanical stimulus for the human body and causes changes in the excitability of the nervous system. In all measurement series, absolute pressure fluctuations exceeded 8 hPa. Based on the results of absolute pressure measurements and altitude, a simplified model for predicting absolute pressure in transport vehicles was developed. To reduce absolute pressure fluctuations inside passenger land vehicle cabins, a ventilation scheme regulating pressure inside land vehicle cabins was proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T08:20:37Z","timestamp":1768206037000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Study of Absolute Pressure Inside the Cabins of Land Transport Vehicles\u2014The Concept of a Ventilation System Regulating the Pressure in the Vehicle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4721-7410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz Janusz","family":"Teleszewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HVAC Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"G\u0142adyszewska-Fiedoruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Gola, M., Settimo, G., and Capolongo, S. (2025). Can the Building Make a Difference to User\u2019s Health in Indoor Environments? The Influence of PM2.5 Vertical Distribution on the IAQ of a Student House over Two Periods in Milan in 2024. Atmosphere, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16080936"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogundiran, J., Nyembwe, J.-P.K.B., Ogundiran, J.O., Santos, R.A.d.S., Pereira, L.D., and Gameiro da Silva, M. (2025). 3SqAir Project: A Living Lab Towards Sustainable Smart Strategy for Indoor Climate Quality Assurance in Classrooms. Atmosphere, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos16050584"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, W., and Ca\u00f1as, N. (2024). Sensing Classroom Temperature, Relative Humidity, Illuminance, CO2, and Noise: An Integral Solution Based on an IoT Device for Dense Deployments. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24165129"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fissore, V.I., Arcamone, G., Astolfi, A., Barbaro, A., Carullo, A., Chiavassa, P., Clerico, M., Fantucci, S., Fiori, F., and Gallione, D. (2024). Multi-Sensor Device for Traceable Monitoring of Indoor Environmental Quality. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24092893"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qassim, A.B., Hashim, S.M., and Aboud, W.S. (2025). Design and Implementation of a Cascade Control System for a Variable Air Volume in Operating Rooms Based on Pressure and Temperature Feedback. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25185656"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.07.036","article-title":"Changes in Barometric Pressure and Ambient Temperature Influence Osteoarthritis Pain","volume":"120","author":"McAlindon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.00546","article-title":"Evaluation of the Impact of Atmospheric Pressure in Different Seasons on Blood Pressure in Patients with Arterial Hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Kotas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.1.e1","article-title":"Unhealthy Effects of Atmospheric Temperature and Pressure on the Occurrence of Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Deaths","volume":"100","author":"Danet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"917","article-title":"The Impact of Relative Humidity and Atmospheric Pressure on Mortality in Guangzhou, China","volume":"27","author":"Ou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charach, L., Grosskopf, I., Karniel, E., and Charach, G. (2022). A Meteorological Paradox: Low Atmospheric Pressure-Associated Decrease in Blood Pressure Is Accompanied by More Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Complications: Five-Year Follow-Up of Elderly Hypertensive Patients. Atmosphere, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13020235"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108070","article-title":"Effect of Meteorological Factors and Lunar Phases on Occurrence of Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures","volume":"121","author":"Izadyar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Peterson, F. (2025, October 10). The Modelling of Multi-Room Air Flow and Its Application to Exhaust Ventilation Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/www.aivc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/airbase_4588.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikola, A., Simson, R., and Kurnitski, J. (2019). The Impact of Air Pressure Conditions on the Performance of Single Room Ventilation Units in Multi-Story Buildings. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12132633"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., and Zhou, B. (2016). Dynamic Isolation Technologies in Negative Pressure Isolation Wards, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2923-3"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgess, W., Ellenbecker, M., and Treitman, R. (2004). Ventilation for Control of the Work Environment, Wiley. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471667056"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcorm.2022.100291","article-title":"Discrete Room Pressure Drops Predict Door Openings and Contamination Levels in the Operating Room Setting","volume":"29","author":"Carroll","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perioper. Care Oper. Room Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2020.08.002","article-title":"Pressure Control Strategies in Biosafety Level-3 Large-Scale Production Facilities for Animal Vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosaf. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108370","article-title":"Study on Thermal Comfort by Using an Atmospheric Pressure Dependent Predicted Mean Vote Index","volume":"206","author":"Ruivo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2017). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (Standard No. Standard 55-2017)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2005). Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment-Analytical Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the PMV and PPD Indices and Local Thermal Comfort Criteria (Standard No. ISO. EN ISO 7730)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.08.015","article-title":"Categorisation for Air Quality Assessment in Car Cabin","volume":"48","author":"Szczurek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Roman, A. (2011). Podstawy biometeorologii. Wp\u0142yw Zmiennych Czynnik\u00f3w Pogodowych i Klimatycznych na Organizmy Ludzi i Zwierz\u0105t [Fundamentals of Biometeorology. The Impact of Variable Weather and Climate Factors on Human and Animal Organisms], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego we Wroc\u0142awiu [Publishing House of the Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Boksha, V.G., and Boguckij, B.V. (1980). Medicinskaja Klimatologija i Klimatoterapija, Izd. Zdorove. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kuchcik, M., Blazejczyk, K., Szmyd, J., Milewski, P., Blazejczyk, A., and Baranowski, J. (2004). The Therapeutic Potential of the Polish Climate, IGiPZ Polish Academy of Sciences. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01111.x","article-title":"Atmospheric pressure and seizure frequency in the epilepsy unit: Preliminary observations","volume":"48","author":"Doherty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Guyton, A.C., and Hall, J.E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.12911\/22998993\/193754","article-title":"Analysis of the Impact of the Comfort Systems in Sport Utility Vehicles on the Exhaust Emissions Measured under Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycles Conditions","volume":"25","author":"Siedlecki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16878132241301316","DOI":"10.1177\/16878132241301316","article-title":"Thermal Management Performance Analysis and Improvement for a Commercial Vehicle Engine Compartment through a 1D\/3D Co-Simulation Method","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2022.119783","article-title":"Experimental Research on the Humidity in a Passenger Car Cabin Equipped with an Air Cooling System-Development of a Simplified Model","volume":"220","author":"Teleszewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0142adyszewska-Fiedoruk, K., and Teleszewski, T.J. (2020). Modelling of Humidity in Passenger Cars Equipped with Mechanical Ventilation. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112987"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3073","article-title":"Environmental Enclosure as a Control Technology for Reducing Exposure of Mobile Underground Mining Equipment Operators to Diesel Aerosols and Gases","volume":"42","author":"Bugarski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Min. Metall. Explor."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobulski, J., Szymoniak, S., and Pasternak, K. (2024). An IoT System for Air Pollution Monitoring with Safe Data Transmission. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24020445"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogl\u0119cki, P., Ostrowski, P.S., and Utratna-\u017bukowska, M. (2021). Natural and Geomorphological Response of the Small Lowland River Valley for Anthropogenic Transformation. Resources, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/resources10100097"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"45","article-title":"Type Region P-h: The Silesia-Cracow Upland","volume":"29","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Palaeobot."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"UNEP-WCMC (2025, October 21). Resources Database. Available online: https:\/\/resources.unep-wcmc.org\/products\/WCMC_RT130."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2025, October 21). Google Maps. Available online: https:\/\/maps.google.com."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Moffat, R.J. (1989). Establishing the Credibility of Experimental Work, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.46632\/jacp\/4\/2\/5","article-title":"The Role of Height in the Variation of Air Pressure","volume":"4","author":"Sriram","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"SKYbrary (2025, October 21). International Standard Atmosphere (ISA). Available online: https:\/\/skybrary.aero\/articles\/international-standard-atmosphere-isa."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Renzone, G., Parrino, S., Peruzzi, G., Pozzebon, A., and Vangelista, L. (2024). LoRaWAN for Vehicular Networking: Field Tests for Vehicle-to-Roadside Communication. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24061801"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:12:32Z","timestamp":1768281152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s26020469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26020469","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]}}}