{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:08:17Z","timestamp":1787029697157,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62273109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62273109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Innovation Project of Guangdong Higher Education","award":["2024KTSCX181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KTSCX181"]}]},{"name":"Maoming Green Chemical Industry Research Institute, Guangdong, China","award":["MMGCIRI-2022YFJH-Y-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMGCIRI-2022YFJH-Y-042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Newborns are unable to reliably express changes in their physical condition due to their physiological immaturity and limited capacity for communication; therefore, continuous and systematic monitoring during phototherapy is essential to ensure timely detection of adverse responses and maintenance of therapeutic safety. This study extends our prior work, which introduced an indirect method for measuring light intensity to improve precision in monitoring newborn skin illumination. Light-emitting diode (LED) phototherapy has attracted considerable attention as an effective treatment for neonatal jaundice (NNJ). This study introduces an three-dimensional configuration of blue LEDs. An Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller with pulse-width modulation (PWM) technology was employed to independently regulate the intensity of LED strips, enabling precise control of light output. The strips were mounted on an arc-shaped structure that can be adjusted mechanically and electronically through pre-programmed instructions embedded in the microcontroller. The results demonstrate that blue light at a wavelength of 460 \u00b1 10 nm aligns with the peak absorption spectrum of bilirubin, thereby optimizing the efficacy of phototherapy for NNJ. Both observed absorption peaks were within the therapeutically effective range. Computer simulations confirmed that stable output contours can be achieved using rapid electronic scanning with a PID control algorithm to dynamically adjust the duty cycle. Experimental data showed that LED radiation output was largely linear. This supports the use of linear control algorithms and confirms the platform\u2019s feasibility for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:42:58Z","timestamp":1768304578000},"page":"528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of a PID-Based Dynamic Illuminance Control System for Intelligent Neonatal Jaundice Phototherapy Using a Blue Light LED Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Man","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali 671003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4251-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yile","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6605-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing-Yuh","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/jcn.JCN_81_19","article-title":"Evaluation of neonatal jaundice based on the severity of hyperbilirubinemia","volume":"9","author":"Boskabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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