{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T18:26:06Z","timestamp":1768587966555,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Elsass Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>New wearable technology opens new possibilities for low-cost, easily accessible home-based interventions as a supplement to typical clinical rehabilitation therapy. In this pilot study, we tested a new interactive adjustable Feedback training system on 14 infants at high risk of cerebral palsy between 2 and 12 months of age to facilitate increased movements. The system consists of four wireless motion sensors placed on the infant\u2019s limbs. Inertial sensors track the infant\u2019s movements which control auditory and visual stimuli that act as motivational feedback. A 15 min usage of the Feedback training system four days a week for approximately six months was aimed for. None of the participants reached the recommended amount of intervention, due to time limitations. Seven of the twelve participating infants (58%) achieved at least 50% of the recommended training amount. Parents found the Feedback training system easy to use with minimal need for technical assistance. Preliminary data suggest that infants engaged more actively during training sessions where their movements actively controlled the presentation of the stimuli. The Feedback training system is promising as a user-friendly add-on to the playful and interactive stimulation of motor and cognitive development in infants with neurodevelopmental disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T11:01:14Z","timestamp":1768388474000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sensory Reinforcement Feedback Using Movement-Controlled Smartphone App Facilitates Movement in Infants with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3154-2537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anina","family":"Ritterband-Rosenbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Elsass Foundation, Holmegaardsvej 28, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5568-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens Bo","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elsass Foundation, Holmegaardsvej 28, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikkel Damgaard","family":"Justiniano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elsass Foundation, Holmegaardsvej 28, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.01.007","article-title":"Classification of abnormal neurological outcome","volume":"82","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273090","article-title":"A critical period of corticomuscular and EMG\u2013EMG coherence detection in healthy infants aged 9\u201325 weeks","volume":"595","author":"Herskind","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hadders-Algra, M. (2021). Early diagnostics and early intervention in neurodevelopmental disorders\u2014Age-dependent challenges and opportunities. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040861"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4952","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0004-04.2004","article-title":"Rescuing transient corticospinal terminations and promoting growth with corticospinal stimulation in kittens","volume":"24","author":"Salimi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1963.26.6.1003","article-title":"Single-Cell Responses in Striate Cortex of Kittens Deprived of Vision in One Eye","volume":"26","author":"Wiesel","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(69)90025-3","article-title":"Conjugate reinforcement of infant exploratory behavior","volume":"8","author":"Rovee","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1983.10735305","article-title":"The organization of spontaneous leg movements in newborn infants","volume":"15","author":"Thelen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Mot. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.21.6.963","article-title":"Detection of Intermodal Proprioceptive-Visual Contingency as a Potential Basis of Self-Perception in Infancy","volume":"21","author":"Bahrick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13041","article-title":"Developing body representations in early life: Combining somatosensation and vision to perceive the interface between the body and the world","volume":"58","author":"Bremner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gredeb\u00e4ck, G., Lindskog, M., Juvrud, J.C., Green, D., and Marciszko, C. (2018). Action Prediction Allows Hypothesis Testing via Internal Forward Models at 6 Months of Age. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00290"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e035454","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035454","article-title":"Feasibility and effectiveness of home-based therapy programmes for children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Beckers","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e070649","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070649","article-title":"Harnessing neuroplasticity to improve motor performance in infants with cerebral palsy: A study protocol for the GAME randomised controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Morgan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novosel, I.B., Ritterband-Rosenbaum, A., Zampoukis, G., Nielsen, J.B., and Lorentzen, J. (2023). Accurate Monitoring of 24-h Real-World Movement Behavior in People with Cerebral Palsy Is Possible Using Multiple Wearable Sensors and Deep Learning. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23229045"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forman, C.R., Nielsen, J.B., and Lorentzen, J. (2021). Neuroplasticity at Home: Improving Home-Based Motor Learning Through Technological Solutions. A Review. Front. Rehabilit. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2021.789165"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freiesleben, M., Ritterband-Rosenbaum, A., and Justiniano, M.D. (Sensors, 2026). New method for increasing participation in daily life\/everyday life activities using sensor-based smart application Translating Intention into Action (TIA), Sensors, in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020539"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e044674","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044674","article-title":"COpenhagen Neuroplastic TRaining Against Contractures in Toddlers (CONTRACT): Protocol of an open-label randomised clinical trial with blinded assessment for prevention of contractures in infants with high risk of cerebral palsy","volume":"11","author":"Lorentzen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1689","article-title":"Early, Accurate Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Cerebral Palsy: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"171","author":"Novak","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13585","article-title":"Development of the Hand Assessment for Infants: Evidence of internal scale validity","volume":"59","author":"Ek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"S46","article-title":"Construction and validation of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS)","volume":"83","author":"Piper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health Rev. Can. Sante Publique"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.02035.x","article-title":"The Infant Motor Profile: A standardized and qualitative method to assess motor behaviour in infancy","volume":"50","author":"Heineman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilde, P.E., Kliim-Due, M., Rasmussen, B., Petersen, L.Z., Petersen, T.H., and Nielsen, J.B. (2011). Individualized, home-based interactive training of cerebral palsy children delivered through the Internet. BMC Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-32"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beani, E., Menici, V., Cecchi, A., Cioni, M.L., Giampietri, M., Rizzi, R., Sgandurra, G., and Cioni, G. (2020). CareToy-R Consortium Feasibility Analysis of CareToy-Revised Early Intervention in Infants at High Risk for Cerebral Palsy. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.601137"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The CareToy-R Consortium, Sgandurra, G., Beani, E., Giampietri, M., Rizzi, R., and Cioni, G. (2018). Early intervention at home in infants with congenital brain lesion with CareToy revised: A RCT protocol. BMC Pediatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1264-y"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorentzen, J., Greve, L.Z., Kliim-Due, M., Rasmussen, B., Bilde, P.E., and Nielsen, J.B. (2015). Twenty weeks of home-based interactive training of children with cerebral palsy improves functional abilities. BMC Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-015-0334-0"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S88782","article-title":"Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for patients with cerebral palsy: Improving long-term care","volume":"9","author":"Trabacca","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2026, January 07). Act on Social Services. Available online: https:\/\/www.retsinformation.dk\/eli\/lta\/2014\/254."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"9","article-title":"Stepping Up to Rethink the Future of Rehabilitation: IV STEP Considerations and Inspirations","volume":"41","author":"Kimberley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7687.00069","article-title":"Emerging self-exploration by 2-month-old infants","volume":"2","author":"Rochat","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2018.07.006","article-title":"Can infants\u2019 sense of agency be found in their behavior? Insights from babybot simulations of the mobile-paradigm","volume":"181","author":"Zaadnoordijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(78)80044-7","article-title":"Topographical response differentiation in three-month-old infants","volume":"1","author":"Rovee","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12246","article-title":"A systematic review of interventions for children with cerebral palsy: State of the evidence","volume":"55","author":"Novak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1321","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1468","article-title":"Providing a primary care medical home for children and youth with cerebral palsy","volume":"128","author":"Liptak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00128-3","article-title":"Independent digit movements and precision grip patterns in 1\u20135-month-old human infants: Hand-babbling, including vacuous then self-directed hand and digit movements, precedes targeted reaching","volume":"41","author":"Wallace","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.10.008","article-title":"Neuroplasticity Subserving Motor Skill Learning","volume":"72","author":"Dayan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2307\/1129869","article-title":"From spontaneous to instrumental behavior: Kinematic analysis of movement changes during very early learning","volume":"54","author":"Thelen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e069034","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069034","article-title":"Digital technologies for motor rehabilitation in children: Protocol for a cross-sectional European survey","volume":"13","author":"Pons","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz098","article-title":"Six habits of highly successful health information technology: Powerful strategies for design and implementation","volume":"26","author":"Ray","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adde, L., \u00c5berg, K.B., Fj\u00f8rtoft, T., Grunewaldt, K.H., Lade, R., Osland, S., Piegsa, F., Sandstr\u00f8m, P.G., St\u00f8en, R., and St\u00f8rvold, G.V. (2024). Implementation of remote general movement assessment using the in-motion instructions in a high-risk norwegian cohort. BMC Pediatr., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04927-4"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2221325","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.21325","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Method to Predict Cerebral Palsy From Spontaneous Movements in Infants at High Risk","volume":"5","author":"Groos","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Lucchese, B., Parravicini, S., Filogna, S., Mangani, G., Beani, E., Di Lieto, M.C., Bardoni, A., Bertamino, M., Papini, M., and Tacchino, C. (2024). The wide world of technological telerehabilitation for pediatric neurologic and neurodevelopmental disorders\u2014A systematic review. Front. Public Healthc., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1295273"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frigerio, P., Del Monte, L., Sotgiu, A., De Giacomo, C., and Vignoli, A. (2022). Parents\u2019 satisfaction of tele-rehabilitation for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Prim. Care, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01747-2"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"WHO, and UNICEF (2022). Global Report on Assistive Technology, World Health Organization and the United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/554\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T05:56:30Z","timestamp":1768542990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s26020554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26020554","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]}}}