{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:30:06Z","timestamp":1772253006393,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21K02988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K02988"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study proposes a process model for sharing ambiguous category concepts in virtual reality (VR) using an active inference framework. The model executes a dual-layer Bayesian update after observing both self and partner actions and predicts actions that minimize free energy. To incorporate agreement-seeking with others into active inference, we added disagreement in category judgments as a risk term in the free energy, weighted by gaze synchrony measured using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), which is assumed to reflect joint attention. To validate the model, an object classification task in VR including ambiguous items was created. The experiment was conducted first under a bot avatar condition, in which ambiguous category judgments were always incorrect, and then under a human\u2013human pair condition. This design allowed verification of the collaborative learning process by which human pairs reached agreement from the same degree of ambiguity. Analysis of experimental data from 14 participants showed that the model achieved high prediction accuracy for observed values as learning progressed. Introducing gaze synchrony weighting (\u03b30\u22650.5) further improved prediction accuracy, yielding optimal performance. This approach provides a new framework for modeling socially shared cognition using active inference in human\u2013robot interaction contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:08:21Z","timestamp":1768550901000},"page":"604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Active Inference Modeling of Socially Shared Cognition in Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9243-2606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Arima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Psychological Research of Metaverse, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5832-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahiro","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Social and Psychological Research of Metaverse, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto 615-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregory, S.E.A., Kelly, C.L., and Kessler, K. 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