{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T18:51:10Z","timestamp":1768935070249,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Research on extracting building from airborne point clouds is abundant, yet discussions regarding scenarios where vegetation and building structures are closely intertwined with similar height in rural areas remain relatively scarce. This thesis adopts a region representative of typical rural building features in China as an experimental site to conduct research on building classification procedures from airborne point clouds. Firstly, the multi-level grid size is dynamically determined through slope analysis to creatively segment and recognize terrain type, then differentiated filtering parameters are applied to various terrains to fully extract ground points, providing a ground reference for building classification. Secondly, the selection of building Region of Interest is conducted by multiple geometric feature differences between building and other objects based on watershed segmentation results, which eliminates interference from non-building points, significantly reducing redundant and unnecessary mathematical computation. Finally, refined building classification is achieved based on multiple morphological differences between buildings and other objects. The experimental results show that the precision, recall, and F1 of both datasets exceeded 93.37%, 97.05%, and 95.17%, respectively. The average precision, recall, and F1 reached 94.02%, 97.20%, and 95.58%, respectively. This method demonstrates successful building classification in rural areas, showing strong adaptability and practicality for the extraction of various building data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1768834734000},"page":"652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Method Considering Multi-Dimensional Feature Differences for Extracting Rural Buildings Based on Airborne LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Information, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Representative and Ancient Building Database of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2712-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianghong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics and Urban Spatial Information, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center for Representative and Ancient Building Database of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(99)00009-X","article-title":"Airborne Laser Scanning-Present Status and Future Expectations","volume":"54","author":"Ackermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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