{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:35:37Z","timestamp":1791646537815,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGECR-2024-00197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGECR-2024-00197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoor bouldering is a popular and rapidly growing sport in which climbers fall repeatedly from walls up to 4\u20135 m high, making lower-limb injuries common. It is therefore essential to understand fall kinematics and impact conditions, yet fall kinematics remain poorly documented because laboratory motion capture is impractical in gyms. This study aimed to validate a markerless multi-camera pipeline (Pose2Sim) against a 2D video annotation tool (Kinovea) for displacement and velocity measurement, and against IMUs for peak acceleration. Ten teenage athletes (3 males, 7 females; 14\u201317 years) performed 40 falls recorded with five cameras (GoPro HERO12, USA, 2.7 K, 240 fps) and three IMUs (Blue Trident, Vicon, UK; \u00b1200 g, 1600 Hz). Cut-off frequencies were set using Yu\u2019s method (13 Hz for video, 39 Hz for IMUs). Pose2Sim\u2019s results closely matched those of Kinovea for fall height and peak velocity with non-significant differences but underestimated peak acceleration. At the forehead, no significant difference was found, likely due to smaller accelerations at the head. Markerless video analysis is appropriate for studying fall kinematics and typology in indoor bouldering. IMUs remain necessary to quantify impact intensity, and future work should explore the combination of both IMUs and video to overcome this limitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1768834734000},"page":"662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Validation of a Markerless Multi-Camera Pipeline for Bouldering Fall Kinematics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7125-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Carretier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9458-9284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwan","family":"Beurienne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9canique Appliqu\u00e9e, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 13015 Marseille, France"},{"name":"Tyyny, Context\u2019, 42500 Le Chambon Feugerolles, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5720-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Beaus\u00e9jour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"},{"name":"Research Center, CIUSSS Nord de l\u2019\u00eele de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4J 1C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Gros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-9319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Bruna-Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9canique Appliqu\u00e9e, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6943-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine","family":"Dorsemaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9canique Appliqu\u00e9e, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2913-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Behr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9canique Appliqu\u00e9e, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9canique Appliqu\u00e9e, Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 Gustave Eiffel, 13015 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julien","family":"Cl\u00e9ment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"},{"name":"Institut National du Sport du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, QC H1V 3N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2022.02.003","article-title":"Characteristics of bouldering injuries based on 430 patients presented to an urban emergency department","volume":"53","author":"Heck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2021.02.002","article-title":"Indoor Bouldering\u2014A Prospective Injury Evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Auer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ. 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