{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:08:53Z","timestamp":1787029733677,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study aimed to explore the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with water-based resistance training on muscle activation and coordination during freestyle kicking. Methods: Thirty National Level male freestyle swimmers were randomly assigned to an experimental group (NMES + water-based training) or a control group (water-based training only) for a 12-week intervention. The experimental group received NMES pretreatment before each session. Underwater surface electromyography (sEMG) synchronized with high-speed video was used to collect muscle activation data and corresponding kinematic information during the freestyle kick. The sEMG signals were then processed using time-domain analysis, including integrated electromyography (iEMG), which reflects the cumulative electrical activity of muscles, and root mean square amplitude (RMS), which indicates the intensity of muscle activation. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) was further applied to extract and characterize muscle synergy patterns. Results: The experimental group showed significantly higher iEMG and RMS values in key muscles during both kicking phases. Within the core propulsion synergy, muscle weighting of vastus medialis and biceps femoris increased significantly, while activation duration of the postural adjustment synergy was shortened. The number of synergies showed no significant difference. Conclusions: NMES combined with water-based resistance training enhances muscle activation and optimizes neuromuscular coordination strategies, offering a novel approach to improving sport-specific performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1768901074000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of NMES Combined with Water-Based Resistance Training on Muscle Coordination in Freestyle Kick Movement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yaohao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000003860","article-title":"Training Benefits and Motor Unit Remodeling after Ischemic Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation with Low-Level Laser Pre-Exposure","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med. 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