{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:18:33Z","timestamp":1780582713195,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2022ZD0115802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZD0115802"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Space-Air-Ground Integrated Intelligent Computing Technology Laboratory","award":["2025A05-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A05-1"]}]},{"name":"Tianshan Talent Training Project-Xinjiang Science and Technology Innovation Team Program","award":["2023TSYCTD0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TSYCTD0012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weed detection algorithms based on deep learning are considered crucial for smart agriculture, with the YOLO series algorithms being widely adopted due to their efficiency. However, existing YOLO algorithms struggle to maintain high accuracy, while low parameter requirements and computational efficiency are achieved when weeds with occlusion or overlap are detected. To address this challenge, a target detection algorithm called SSS-YOLO based on YOLOv9t is proposed in this paper. First, the SCB (Spatial Channel Conv Block) module is introduced, in which large kernel convolution is employed to capture long-range dependencies, occluded weed regions are bypassed by being associated with unobstructed areas, and features of unobstructed regions are enhanced through inter-channel relationships. Second, the SPPF EGAS (Spatial Pyramid Pooling Fast Edge Gaussian Aggregation Super) module is proposed, where multi-scale max pooling is utilized to extract hierarchical contextual features, large receptive fields are leveraged to acquire background information around occluded objects, and features of weed regions obscured by crops are inferred. Finally, the EMSN (Efficient Multi-Scale Spatial-Feedforward Network) module is developed, through which semantic information of occluded regions is reconstructed by contextual reasoning and background vegetation interference is effectively suppressed while visible regional details are preserved. To validate the performance of this method, experiments are conducted on both our self-built dataset and the publicly available Cotton WeedDet12 dataset. The results demonstrate that compared to existing algorithms, significant performance improvements are achieved by the proposed method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:27:58Z","timestamp":1768908478000},"page":"677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research on Field Weed Target Detection Algorithm Based on Deep Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ziyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Space-Air-Ground Integrated Intelligent Computing Technology Laboratory, Changji 831100, China"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Space-Air-Ground Integrated Intelligent Computing Technology Laboratory, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5182-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7624-8430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8390-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhensen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Signal Detection and Processing, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jocher, G. 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Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/677\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T11:32:17Z","timestamp":1768908737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/2\/677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s26020677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26020677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]}}}