{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T03:58:34Z","timestamp":1782187114409,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Fund Project of Colleges and Universities in Gansu Province","award":["2025A-051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A-051"]}]},{"name":"\u201cInnovation Star\u201d Program for Excellent Graduate Students of the Department of Education of Gansu Province","award":["2026CXZX-689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026CXZX-689"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of wireless communication systems, the electromagnetic environment in subway stations has become increasingly complex, raising concerns about the long-term safety of station attendants who are chronically exposed to radiofrequency (RF) fields. At present, multiphysics analyses specifically addressing RF antenna exposure scenarios for subway attendants remain limited. To assess occupational electromagnetic exposure risks, this paper establishes a comprehensive electromagnetic\u2013thermal coupling simulation model incorporating RF antennas, station-platform structures, and a realistic human model with organs including the brain, heart, and liver. Using the finite-element software COMSOL Multiphysics (v.6.3), numerical simulations are performed to calculate the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the trunk and major organs of the subway station attendant at RF antennas frequencies of 900 MHz, 2600 MHz, and 3500 MHz, as well as the temperature rise distribution of the human trunk and important tissues and organs under different initial temperatures of the environment. The results show that among the three frequencies, the maximum SAR of 5.55 \u00d7 10\u22124 W\/kg occurs in the trunk at 3500 MHz. Tissue temperatures reach thermal steady state after 30 min of exposure, with the maximum temperature rises occurring in the brain at an ambient temperature of 18 \u00b0C and an operating frequency of 900 MHz, reaching 0.2123 \u00b0C. Across all simulated scenarios, both SAR values and temperature rises remain significantly below the occupational exposure limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). These findings indicate that RF radiation generated by antennas in the subway station environment poses low health risks to female station attendants of similar physical characteristics to the Ella model. This study provides a scientific reference for the occupational RF protection of subway personnel and contributes data for the development of electromagnetic exposure standards in rail transit systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T13:59:54Z","timestamp":1769003994000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electromagnetic Exposure from RF Antennas on Subway Station Attendant: A Thermal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-0380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7192-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UITP (2025, May 01). 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