{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:57:00Z","timestamp":1769579820497,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme","award":["101120270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101120270"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Theoretical & Applied Informatics (IITIS-PAN), Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficient and timely management of human evacuation during emergency events is an important area of research where the Internet of Things (IoT) can be of great value. Significant areas of application for optimum evacuation strategies include buildings, sports arenas, cultural venues, such as museums and concert halls, and ships that carry passengers, such as cruise ships. In many cases, the evacuation process is complicated by constraints on space and movement, such as corridors, staircases, and passageways, that can cause congestion and slow the evacuation process. In such circumstances, the Internet of Things (IoT) can be used to sense the presence of evacuees in different locations, to sense hazards and congestion, to assist in making decisions based on sensing to guide the evacuees dynamically in the most effective direction to limit or eliminate congestion and maximize safety, and notify to the passengers the directions they should take or whether they should stop and wait, through signaling with active IoT devices that can include voice and visual indications and signposts. This paper uses an analytical queueing network approach to analyze an emergency evacuation system, and suggests the use of the Pull Policy, which employs the IoT to direct evacuees in a manner that reduces downstream congestion by signalling them to move forward when the preceding evacuees exit the system. The IoT-based Pull Policy is analyzed using a realistic representation of evacuation from an existing commercial cruise ship, with a queueing network model that also allows for a computationally very efficient comparison of different routing rules with wide-ranging variations in speed parameters of each of the individual evacuees.Numerical examples are used to demonstrate its value for the timely evacuation of passengers within the confined space of a cruise ship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26030837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T17:07:38Z","timestamp":1769533658000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IoT-Driven Pull Scheduling to Avoid Congestion in Human Emergency Evacuation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9688-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erol","family":"Gelenbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IITiS-PAN, 44100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"CNRS I3S, Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IITiS-PAN, 44100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2025.102754","article-title":"Evacuation Experiences of Older Adults during armed conflict: Community, Place Attachment, and Well-Being","volume":"107","author":"Tov","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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