{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:09:01Z","timestamp":1775592541745,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004421","name":"Warsaw University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004421","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are one of the key paradigms used in brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) systems. Their performance, however, is substantially degraded by EEG artifacts of muscular, motion-related, and ocular origin. This issue is particularly pronounced in individuals exhibiting increased facial muscle tension or involuntary eye movements. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an EEG artifact reduction method based on auxiliary channels, including central (Cz), frontal (Fp1), electrooculographic (HEOG), and muscular electrodes (neck, cheek, jaw). Signals from these channels were used to model the physical sources of interference recorded concurrently with occipital brain activity (O1, O2, Oz). EEG signal cleaning was performed using linear regression in 1-s windows, followed by frequency-domain analysis to extract features related to stimulation frequencies and SSVEP classification using SVM and CNN algorithms. The experiment involved three visual stimulation frequencies (7, 8, and 9 Hz) generated by LEDs and the recording of controlled facial and jaw-related artifacts. Experiments conducted on 12 participants demonstrated a 9% increase in classification accuracy after artifact removal. Further analysis indicated that the Cz and jaw channels contributed most significantly to effective artifact suppression. The results confirm that the use of auxiliary channels substantially improves EEG signal quality and enhances the reliability of BCI systems under real-world conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26030917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:48:01Z","timestamp":1770115681000},"page":"917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improved SSVEP Classification Through EEG Artifact Reduction Using Auxiliary Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2856-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Ko\u0142odziej","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Majkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2336-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Wiszniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Pl. Politechniki 1, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peksa, J., and Mamchur, D. (2023). State-of-the-Art on Brain-Computer Interface Technology. 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