{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:34:23Z","timestamp":1792002863584,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61774085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61774085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures","award":["MCAS-I-0425G01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCAS-I-0425G01"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures","award":["MCAS-IS-0124K01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCAS-IS-0124K01"]}]},{"name":"Fund of Prospective Layout of Scientific Research for NUAA","award":["ILA22009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ILA22009"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YQR23095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQR23095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YQR23094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQR23094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humidity sensing is essential in medical fields such as respiratory support, neonatal care, sterilization, and pharmaceutical storage. However, current sensors face limitations, including slow response\/recovery, low sensitivity, and poor long-term stability. To address these challenges, we developed borophene-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) heterostructures using a stepwise in situ thermal decomposition method. The resulting humidity sensor exhibits an ultrabroad detection range (11\u201397% RH), ultra-high sensitivity (55,000% at 97% RH), and fast response\/recovery times (10.04 s\/4.8 s). Through interfacial charge-transfer engineering, the system facilitates rapid electron migration, enhances Schottky barrier modulation, and provides abundant active adsorption sites for water molecules, thereby achieving comprehensive improvement in sensing performance. It also demonstrates excellent selectivity, mechanical flexibility, and operational stability. Notably, the sensor\u2019s sensitivity at 97% RH surpasses that of sensors based on pure borophene or MWCNT by 37\u2013462 times, highlighting the advantages of heterostructure engineering. The multifunctionality of the device suggests its potential in areas beyond conventional sensing, including non-contact voice recognition, skin humidity mapping, and real-time breath monitoring. These results lay a solid foundation for developing borophene-MWCNT heterostructures into a high-performance platform for next-generation medical diagnostics and intelligent health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26030976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T12:46:11Z","timestamp":1770122771000},"page":"976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interfacial Charge-Transfer Engineering in Borophene\u2013MWCNT Heterostructures for Multifunctional Humidity and Physiological Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Anran","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"},{"name":"China Aerospace Science & Industry Academy of Information Technology, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengxiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoan","family":"Tai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control for Aerospace Structures, Laboratory of Intelligent Nano Materials, Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36001","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/116\/36001","article-title":"Super-Stretchable Borophene","volume":"116","author":"Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPL (Europhys. 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