{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T02:45:56Z","timestamp":1770173156088,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose a semi-automatic artificial lips control device that allows a human performer to produce sound on a brass instrument without the need to vibrate their own lips. The device integrates position control that presses artificial lips toward the mouthpiece and aperture control via wire traction, together with a pre-calibrated motor table and acoustic feedback for pitch stabilization. In evaluations using a euphonium, we verified timbre, pitch range, and pitch stabilization, including harmonic modes. The results showed that the harmonic structure of tones produced by a human using the device can be comparable to those produced by a human player in the conventional manner. Pitch-range and pitch-stabilization tests confirmed that the system can generate practical musical intervals and achieve reliable harmonic mode changes. Furthermore, real-time acoustic feedback improved pitch stability during performance. These findings demonstrate that, rather than fully automating human performance, the proposed system provides a compact and reproducible framework for controllable brass sound generation and pitch stabilization using only three actuators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26030984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T12:46:11Z","timestamp":1770122771000},"page":"984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Semi-Automatic Artificial Lips Device for Brass Instruments with Real-Time Pitch Feedback Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9601-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Sonoda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3149-3399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikari","family":"Kuriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3486-0158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kouki","family":"Tomiyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gou","family":"Koutaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuroda, J., and Koutaki, G. 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