{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T16:37:31Z","timestamp":1788367051713,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article presents an experimental investigation of the effect of water aging on the static mechanical behavior and damage mechanisms of bio-based sandwich structures with auxetic cores using acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. Both the skins and the core are manufactured by 3D printing using polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with short flax fibers. Four auxetic core configurations, differing in the number of unit cells across the core width, are considered. The specimens are immersed in water at room temperature to characterize their absorption behavior, which follows a Fickien\u2019s diffusion law model with different saturation levels. Static three-point bending tests are performed at various immersion times to evaluate the influence of moisture on mechanical performance. The results show a progressive degradation of mechanical properties with increasing water exposure time, with the four-cell core configuration exhibiting the highest mechanical performance. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is employed to analyze damage evolution as a function of hydrothermal aging. AE parameters such as amplitude, energy, and cumulative event count are used to identify and classify the different damage mechanisms. This approach highlights the effectiveness of acoustic emission for structural health monitoring and for assessing the durability of auxetic core sandwich structures subjected to moisture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26031034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T10:35:37Z","timestamp":1770287737000},"page":"1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Acoustic Emission Analysis of Moisture Damage Mechanisms in 3D Printed Auxetic Core Sandwiches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-845X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Rebiere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8997-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abderrahim","family":"El Mahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6225-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeineb","family":"Kesentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Acoustique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Mans (LAUM), UMR 6613, Institut d\u2019Acoustique-Graduate School (IA-GS), CNRS, Le Mans Universit\u00e9, 72085 Le Mans, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Mechanics Modeling and Production (LA2MP), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP N\u00b0 1173-3038, Sfax 3029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moez","family":"Beyaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mechanics Modeling and Production (LA2MP), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP N\u00b0 1173-3038, Sfax 3029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Haddar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Mechanics Modeling and Production (LA2MP), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP N\u00b0 1173-3038, Sfax 3029, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2007.03.008","article-title":"Numerical modelling of honeycomb core crush behaviour","volume":"75","author":"Aktay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. 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