{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:51:20Z","timestamp":1791870680988,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RMIT University STEM College HDR Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is the most practiced static postural balance assessment tool, which relies on visual observation, and has been adopted as the gold standard in the clinic and field. However, the BESS can lead to missed and inaccurate diagnoses\u2014because of its low inter-rater reliability and limited sensitivity\u2014by missing subtle balance deficits, particularly in the athletic population. Smartphone technology using motion sensors may act as an alternative option for providing quantitative feedback to healthcare clinicians when performing balance assessments. The primary aim of this study was to explore the discriminative validity of an alternative novel smartphone-based cloud system to measure balance remotely in soccer athletes with and without hip pain. Methods: This is an exploratory cross-sectional study. A total of 64 Australian soccer athletes (128 hips, 28% females) between 18 and 40 years completed single and tandem stance balance tests that were scored using the modified BESS test and quantified using the smartphone device attached to their lower back. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a Clustered Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) using an Area Under the Curve (AUC) were used to explore the discriminative validity between the smartphone sensor system and the modified BESS test. A Linear Mixed-Effects Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine any statistical differences in static balance measures between individuals with and without hip-related pain. Results: EFA revealed that the first factor primarily captured variance related to smartphone measurements, while the second factor was associated with modified BESS test scores. The ROC and the AUC showed that the smartphone sway measurements in the anterior\u2013posterior and mediolateral directions during single-leg stance had an acceptable to excellent level of accuracy in distinguishing between individuals with and without hip-related pain (AUC = 0.72\u20130.80). Linear Mixed-Effects ANCOVA analysis found that individuals with hip-related pain had significantly less single-leg balance variability and magnitude in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions compared to individuals without hip-related pain (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Due to the ability of smartphone technology to discriminate between individuals with and without hip-related pain during single-leg static balance tasks, it is recommended to use the technology in addition to the modified BESS test to optimise a clinician-led assessment and to further guide clinical balance decision-making. While the study supports smartphone technology as a method to assess static balance, its use in measuring balance during dynamic movements needs further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26031061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T13:33:50Z","timestamp":1770384830000},"page":"1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Balance Assessments Using Smartphone Sensor Systems and a Clinician-Led Modified BESS Test in Soccer Athletes with Hip-Related Pain: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7620-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Puyol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0470-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-5894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Ganderton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6953-4815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuwen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oren","family":"Tirosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Ankle Stability and Movement Coordination Impairments: Lateral Ankle Ligament Sprains Revision","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2019-0038","article-title":"Lack of Consensus on Return-to-Sport Criteria Following Lateral Ankle Sprain: A Systematic Review of Expert Opinions","volume":"29","author":"Wikstrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106849","article-title":"Introducing the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 6 (SCAT6)","volume":"57","author":"Echemendia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94368-5","article-title":"Acute effect of core stability exercises on static and dynamic postural balance in soccer players with groin pain","volume":"15","author":"Chaari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23354","article-title":"Gluteal tendinopathy in refractory greater trochanter pain syndrome: Diagnostic value of two clinical tests","volume":"59","author":"Lequesne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12623","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub-elite male football: A cross-sectional cohort study of 695 players","volume":"27","author":"Thorborg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2009.066944","article-title":"UEFA injury study: A prospective study of hip and groin injuries in professional football over seven consecutive seasons","volume":"43","author":"Werner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2018.05.024","article-title":"The incidence and burden of time loss injury in Australian men\u2019s sub-elite football (soccer): A single season prospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Whalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2021.09.008","article-title":"Hip muscle activity in male football players with hip-related pain; a comparison with asymptomatic controls during walking","volume":"52","author":"Lawrenson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.26603\/001c.89269","article-title":"Evaluating Functional Performance Tests in those with Non-arthritic Intra-articular Hip Pain: An International Consensus Statement","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.01.005","article-title":"Trunk, pelvis and hip biomechanics in individuals with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: Strategies for step ascent","volume":"61","author":"Diamond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait. Posture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2017.01.015","article-title":"Trunk and lower limb biomechanics during stair climbing in people with and without symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement","volume":"42","author":"Hammond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097839","article-title":"Lower limb biomechanics in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"King","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-016-0439-2","article-title":"Pelvic posture and kinematics in femoroacetabular impingement: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Pierannunzii","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2021.10.011","article-title":"Running biomechanics in football players with and without hip and groin pain. A cross-sectional analysis of 116 sub-elite players","volume":"52","author":"Scholes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13235","article-title":"Balance Error Scoring System in the assessment of chronic ankle stability: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"19","article-title":"Effects of mild head injury on postural stability as measured through clinical balance testing","volume":"35","author":"Riemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101457","article-title":"Standardised measurement of physical capacity in young and middle-aged active adults with hip-related pain: Recommendations from the first International Hip-related Pain Research Network (IHiPRN) meeting, Zurich, 2018","volume":"54","author":"Mosler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"7","article-title":"Test-retest Reliability of Balance Error Scoring System in Individuals with Osteoarthritis Knee: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"19","author":"Saha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Perry, J. (2015). Correlations Between the Functional Movement Screen (FMS), the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and Injury. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Winthrop University]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(02)00028-2","article-title":"Methods to assess and improve the physical parameters associated with fall risk in older adults","volume":"36","author":"Rogers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1856-y","article-title":"Sensor-Based Balance Measures Outperform Modified Balance Error Scoring System in Identifying Acute Concussion","volume":"45","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirosh, O., Klonis, J., Hamilton, M., Olver, J., Wickramasinghe, N., McKenzie, D., El-Ansary, D., and Williams, G. (2024). Smartphone Technology to Facilitate Remote Postural Balance Assessment in Acute Concussion Management: Pilot Study. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24216870"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111403122","article-title":"Systematic review of the balance error scoring system","volume":"3","author":"Bell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.2.01","article-title":"Using Accelerometer and Gyroscopic Measures to Quantify Postural Stability","volume":"50","author":"Alberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Y.R., Chiu, Y.L., Chiang, S.L., Chen, H.Y., and Sung, W.H. (2019). Development of a Smartphone-Based Balance Assessment System for Subjects with Stroke. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010088"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, C.J., Ganderton, C., Feltham, A., El-Ansary, D., Pranata, A., O\u2019Donnell, J., Takla, A., Tran, P., Wickramasinghe, N., and Tirosh, O. (2023). Smartphone Technology to Remotely Measure Postural Sway during Double- and Single-Leg Squats in Adults with Femoroacetabular Impingement and Those with No Hip Pain. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115101"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0232","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a wireless accelerometer for the assessment of postural sway","volume":"31","author":"Saunders","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.11.005","article-title":"Evaluation of a smartphone-based assessment system in subjects with chronic ankle instability","volume":"139","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02NT01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aaa3c2","article-title":"Validity and reliability of smartphone orientation measurement to quantify dynamic balance function","volume":"39","author":"Kuznetsov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","article-title":"The STROBE guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Cuschieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2025.101117","article-title":"The Sensitivity and Specificity for Physical Examination Tests in Diagnosing Pre-Arthritic Intra-Articular Hip Pathology Are Highly Variable: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Dhillon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Sports Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211027180","article-title":"The validity, reliability, and responsiveness of the International Hip Outcome Tool\u201333 (iHOT-33) in patients with hip and groin pain treated without surgery","volume":"49","author":"Scholes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2011.565753","article-title":"Postural sway parameters using a triaxial accelerometer: Comparing elderly and young healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Sekine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/08903344231195625","article-title":"Power analysis and exploratory research","volume":"39","author":"Haile","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282911406653","article-title":"Current methodological considerations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"29","author":"Schmitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2015.1087664","article-title":"A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve?","volume":"32","author":"Howard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"7","article-title":"Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis","volume":"10","author":"Costello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.4.3.272","article-title":"Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research","volume":"4","author":"Fabrigar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/24709360.2021.1880224","article-title":"Comparative study of statistical methods for clustered ROC data: Nonparametric methods and multiple outputation methods","volume":"5","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biostat. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d","article-title":"Receiver operating characteristic curve in diagnostic test assessment","volume":"5","author":"Mandrekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001","article-title":"Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research","volume":"6","author":"Richardson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40594-024-00482-7","article-title":"Influence of career awareness on STEM career interests: Examining the roles of self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and gender","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. STEM Educ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7599.2012.00699.x","article-title":"Postural balance in young adults: The role of visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems","volume":"24","author":"Alpert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pzab289","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzab289","article-title":"Linking pain and motor control: Conceptualization of movement deficits in patients with painful conditions","volume":"102","author":"Kantak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014479","article-title":"People with chronic low back pain exhibit decreased variability in the timing of their anticipatory postural adjustments","volume":"123","author":"Jacobs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1395586","article-title":"Landing limb posture in volleyball athletes with patellar tendinopathy: A pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Kulig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2013-0085","article-title":"Shank-rearfoot joint coupling with chronic ankle instability","volume":"30","author":"Herb","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13036","article-title":"Does the amount of lower extremity movement variability differ between injured and uninjured populations? A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Baida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2011.01.002","article-title":"Pain and motor control: From the laboratory to rehabilitation","volume":"21","author":"Hodges","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101453","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on the classification, definition and diagnostic criteria of hip-related pain in young and middle-aged active adults from the International Hip-related Pain Research Network, Zurich 2018","volume":"54","author":"Reiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240908","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.240908","article-title":"Biomechanical features of a novel step-down-and-pivot task in football players with hip\/groin pain","volume":"12","author":"Sritharan","year":"2025","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2011.11.026","article-title":"Body-worn motion sensors detect balance and gait deficits in people with multiple sclerosis who have normal walking speed","volume":"35","author":"Spain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, N., Gough, C., and Gordon, S.J. (2021). Inertial sensor reliability and validity for static and dynamic balance in healthy adults: A systematic review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21155167"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz189","article-title":"Pathomechanics Underlying Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: Theoretical Framework to Inform Clinical Practice","volume":"100","author":"Cannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096743","article-title":"The Warwick Agreement on femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI syndrome): An international consensus statement","volume":"50","author":"Griffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall, C.J., El-Ansary, D., Pranata, A., Ganderton, C., O\u2019Donnell, J., Takla, A., Tran, P., Wickramasinghe, N., and Tirosh, O. (2022). Validity and reliability of a novel smartphone tele-assessment solution for quantifying hip range of motion. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218154"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/3\/1061\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T13:36:05Z","timestamp":1770384965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/3\/1061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s26031061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26031061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]}}}