{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T03:24:02Z","timestamp":1770434642099,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Raster-stereography and Moir\u00e9 Fringe Topography are widely recognized as effective techniques for surface screening. Traditionally, these methods have been applied in various medical and clinical contexts, such as assessing human body symmetry, analyzing spinal deformities, evaluating scapular positioning, and predicting trunk-related abnormalities. Both techniques have proven to be reliable tools for examining the human body surface and identifying health-related issues. However, in these techniques, line grids projected onto non-uniform surfaces often break or distort, complicating curvature detection. Capturing and digitizing these distortions through photographymeans further reducing accuracy due to low contrast between background and projected lines. In this paper, we present a modified, i.e., dotted-based, approach to Moir\u00e9 Fringe Topography construction, offering a simpler, more accurate, and efficient method for recording human body surface curvatures. The proposed technique significantly reduces the complexity of the data acquisition process while maintaining precision in surface analysis. A Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) image sensor was used to capture the Moir\u00e9 patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26031063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T13:33:50Z","timestamp":1770384830000},"page":"1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Modified Dot-Pattern Moir\u00e9 Fringe Topography Technique for Efficient Human Body Surface Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Wasim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, UIT University, Karachi 75300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Talha","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, UIT University, Karachi 75300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lubaid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, UIT University, Karachi 75300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhash","family":"Sagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, UIT University, Karachi 75300, Pakistan"},{"name":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney 2113, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-09213-0","article-title":"Monitoring curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, assessment of the diagnostic performance of rasterstereography in brace-treated and untreated patients","volume":"34","author":"Gavira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(02)00026-4","article-title":"Applications of computer-aided rasterstereography in spinal deformity detection","volume":"20","year":"2002","journal-title":"Image Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"483","article-title":"A security system employing edge-based rasterstereography","volume":"10","author":"Wasim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labecka, M.K., and Plandowska, M. (2021). Moir\u00e9 topography as a screening and diagnostic tool\u2014A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260858"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, B., and Chockalingam, N. (2023). Non-Invasive Assessment of Back Surface Topography: Technologies, Techniques and Clinical Utility. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208485"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92551-2","article-title":"Three-dimensional markerless surface topography approach with convolutional neural networks for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis screening","volume":"15","author":"Mohamed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2023.109666","article-title":"3D sampling moir\u00e9 measurement for shape and deformation based on the binocular vision","volume":"167","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2024.115054","article-title":"Spatial computer-generated Moir\u00e9 profilometry","volume":"367","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyashita, L., Tabata, S., and Ishikawa, M. (2025). High-Speed 3D Vision Based on Structured Light Methods. Metrology, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/metrology5020024"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2024-0668","article-title":"Baseline-free structured light 3D imaging using a metasurface double-helix dot projector","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-025-01062-7","article-title":"Smartphone-based surface topography app accurately detects clinically significant scoliosis","volume":"13","author":"Rohde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-022-00505-9","article-title":"Reliability of automated topographic measurements for spine deformity","volume":"10","author":"Groisser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.25.08978-6","article-title":"Association between trunk aesthetics and underling scoliosis severity and curve type in adolescents: Evaluation of traditional clinical scores and novel automated indices from rasterstereographic imaging","volume":"61","author":"Bassani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017burawski, A.\u0141., Friebe, D., Zaleska, S., Wojtas, K., Gawlik, M., and Wilczy\u0144ski, J. (2025). Assessing Trunk Cross-Section Geometry and Spinal Postures with Noninvasive 3D Surface Topography: A Study of 108 Healthy Young Adults. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216626"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.56984\/8ZG7D19PCAA","article-title":"Different foot types and spinopelvic mechanics: A cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Alosily","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fizjoterapia Pol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.356","article-title":"Shadow Moir\u00e9 technique for postural assessment: Qualitative assessment protocol by intra- and inter-rater evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Batista","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gould, N., Fontes, M., and Thessin, T.R. (1991). Redotopography Apparatus and Method Using Moir\u00c9 Fringe Analysis to Measure Foot Shapes. (No. 5,025,476), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morino, T., Murakami, Y., Kinoshita, T., Hino, M., Misaki, H., Yamaoka, S., Kutsuna, T., and Takao, M. (2025). Trends in the Prevalence of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in a Japanese Prefecture: A 25-year population-based school screening study using Moir\u00e9 Topography. Glob. Spine J., 21925682261417283. online ahead-of-print.","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682261417283"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-019-00001-7","article-title":"Evaluating the role of surface topography in the surveillance of scoliosis","volume":"8","author":"Applebaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Csaba, B. (2023). A Research Framework Concept Adapted to Moir\u00e9 Imaging in Scoliosis. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of P\u00e9cs]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.47738\/jads.v6i3.870","article-title":"Human Shoulder Posture Anthropometry System for Detecting Scoliosis Using Mediapipe Library","volume":"6","author":"Hustinawaty","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Appl. Data Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Akoramurthy, B., and Surendiran, B. (2026, January 28). QuMo: Benchmarking a Quantum Moir\u00e9-Based Classifier for Brain Tumor Diagnosis. Available online: https:\/\/sciety.org\/articles\/activity\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7738607\/v1?utm_source=sciety_labs_article_page."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.9.001467","article-title":"Moir\u00e9 topography","volume":"9","author":"Takasaki","year":"1970","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, N., Gang, R., and Ma, S. (2022). Learning Moir\u00e9 pattern elimination in both frequency and spatial domains for image demoir\u00e9ing. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218322"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/3\/1063\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T13:36:18Z","timestamp":1770384978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/3\/1063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s26031063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26031063","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]}}}