{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:12:47Z","timestamp":1785816767361,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), autonomous vehicles, and advanced satellite systems in sixth-generation (6G) networks is poised to redefine next-generation communications as well as next-generation intelligent transportation systems. This paper examines the convergence of UAVs, CubeSats, and terrestrial infrastructures that comprise the framework of Space\u2013Aerial\u2013Ground Integrated Networks (SAGINs) as vital enablers of the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2030 standards. This paper examines the role of UAVs in providing flexible and quickly deployable airborne connectivity. It also discusses how CubeSats enhance global coverage through low-latency relaying and resilient backhaul links from low Earth orbit (LEO). Additionally, the paper highlights how terrestrial systems contribute high-capacity, densely concentrated communication layers that support various end-user applications. By examining their interoperability and coordinated resource allocation, the paper underscores that the seamless interaction of SAGIN nodes is essential for achieving the ultra-reliable, intelligent, and pervasive communication capabilities envisioned by IMT-2030. As 6G aims for ultra-low latency, high reliability, and massive connectivity, UAVs and CubeSats emerge as key enablers for extending coverage and capacity, particularly in remote and dense urban regions. Furthermore, the role of large language models (LLMs) is explored for intelligent network management and real-time data optimization, while quantum communication is analyzed for ensuring security and minimizing latency. The integration of LLMs into quantum-enhanced edge intelligence for SAGINs represents an emerging research frontier for adaptive, high-throughput, and context-aware decision-making. By exploiting quantum-assisted parallelism and entanglement-based optimization, LLMs enhance the processing efficiency of multimodal data across space, aerial, and terrestrial nodes. This paper further investigates distributed quantum inference and multimodal sensor data fusion to enable resilient, self-optimizing communication systems comprising a high volume of data traffic, which is a critical bottleneck in the global connectivity transition. LLMs are envisioned as cognitive control centers capable of generating semantic representations for mission-critical communications that enhance energy efficiency, reliability, and adaptive learning at the edge. The findings of the survey reveal that quantum-enhanced LLMs overcome challenges pertaining to bandwidth allocation, dynamic routing, and interoperability in existing classical communication systems. Overall, quantum-empowered LLMs significantly assist intelligent, autonomous, and immersive communications in SAGIN, while enabling secure, privacy-preserving communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26041181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:45:36Z","timestamp":1770831936000},"page":"1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantum-Enhanced Edge Intelligence Leveraging Large Language Models for Immersive Space\u2013Aerial\u2013Ground Communications: Survey, Challenges, and Open Issues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8728-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, Algoma University, Brampton, ON L6V 1A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8591-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajmery","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Technology, Algoma University, Brampton, ON L6V 1A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3521579","article-title":"6G: The Intelligent Network of Everything","volume":"13","author":"Pennanen","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.05.003","article-title":"Service-aware 6G: An intelligent and open network based on the convergence of communication, computing and caching","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digit. 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