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This review consolidates key requirements for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) detection and proposes a structured roadmap to guide the transition from laboratory demonstrations to field-relevant sensing systems. The roadmap is explicitly modular and non-linear, integrating (i) qualitative research planning and gap analysis, (ii) computational screening via molecular docking as a hypothesis-generation tool with well-defined limitations, (iii) graphene electrode fabrication and functionalization using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to enable tunable thickness\/defect engineering and strong interface control, (iv) multiscale characterization combining laboratory methods with in situ\/portable diagnostics, and (v) field-oriented performance evaluation focused on response time, stability, selectivity against industrial interferents, and false-positive\/false-negative behavior. Iterative feedback loops connect all modules, enabling progressive refinement of material processing, recognition chemistry, and device architecture. By framing success in terms of technology-maturity progression and operational metrics, this roadmap provides a practical, defense-relevant framework for developing deployable graphene-based CBRN sensing platforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26041214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T09:09:19Z","timestamp":1770973759000},"page":"1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Graphene-Based Sensors and Biosensors Fabricated via Pulsed Laser Deposition for Chemical and Biological Threat Detection: A Comprehensive Roadmap"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6625-8546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogenes","family":"Kreusch Filho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Nuclear, Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Pra\u00e7a General Tib\u00farcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9326-2283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Oliveira de S\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Nuclear, Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Pra\u00e7a General Tib\u00farcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4353-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela Rabelo","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Nuclear, Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Pra\u00e7a General Tib\u00farcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8725-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriel Faddul Stelzenberger","family":"Saber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Nuclear, Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Pra\u00e7a General Tib\u00farcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5423-0405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando M.","family":"Araujo-Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Engenharia Nuclear, Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME), Pra\u00e7a General Tib\u00farcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slepi\u010dkov\u00e1 Kas\u00e1lkov\u00e1, N., Slepi\u010dka, P., and \u0160vor\u010d\u00edk, V. 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