{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:11:31Z","timestamp":1792195891483,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flatland metasurfaces provide a fundamentally distinct approach to optical gas sensing by confining light\u2013matter interaction to planar, subwavelength interfaces, where resonant energy storage and near-field enhancement replace extended optical path lengths. This review presents a physics-driven perspective on metasurface-enabled gas sensing, focusing on how gaseous analytes perturb the complex eigenmodes of engineered planar resonators. Diverse sensing modalities, including enhanced molecular absorption, refractive index-induced resonance shifts, loss modulation, polarization conversion, and chemo-optical transduction, are unified within a common perturbative framework that links sensitivity to mode confinement, quality factor, and analyte overlap. The analysis highlights fundamental trade-offs imposed by material dispersion, intrinsic loss, and radiation balance across plasmonic, dielectric, polaritonic, and hybrid metasurface platforms operating from the visible to the terahertz regime. Attention is given to the limits of chemical selectivity in flatland architectures and to the role of functional materials, multimodal transduction, and computational inference in addressing these constraints. System-level considerations, including thermal stability, fabrication tolerance, and integration with detectors and electronics, are identified as critical determinants of real-world performance. By consolidating disparate approaches within a unified flatland framework, this review provides physical insight and design guidance for the development of compact, integrable, and application-specific optical gas sensing systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26041293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:22:46Z","timestamp":1771320166000},"page":"1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Flatland Metasurfaces for Optical Gas Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0829-4886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Butt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butt, M.A., Voronkov, G.S., Grakhova, E.P., Kutluyarov, R.V., Kazanskiy, N.L., and Khonina, S.N. (2022). Environmental Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review on Optical Waveguide and Fiber-Based Sensors. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202211.0282.v1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2024.3490256","article-title":"On-Chip Biosensing and Gas Sensing by Photonic Slot Waveguides: A Review","volume":"25","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kidanemariam, A., and Cho, S. (2025). Advanced Metal\u2013Organic Framework-Based Sensor Systems for Gas and Environmental Monitoring: From Material Design to Embedded Applications. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25216539"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberti, S., Datta, A., and J\u00e1gersk\u00e1, J. (2021). Integrated Nanophotonic Waveguide-Based Devices for IR and Raman Gas Spectroscopy. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217224"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awad, H., Hasan, I., Mnaymneh, K., Hall, T.J., and Andonovic, I. (2011). Gas Sensing Using Slow Light in Photonic Crystal Waveguides. Proceedings of the 2011 7th International Workshop on Fibre and Optical Passive Components, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/WFOPC.2011.6089668"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2013.2255582","article-title":"PCB-Integrated Optical Waveguide Sensors: An Ammonia Gas Sensor","volume":"31","author":"Bamiedakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16584","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.423141","article-title":"Plasmonic Sensor Based on Metal-Insulator-Metal Waveguide Square Ring Cavity Filled with Functional Material for the Detection of CO2 Gas","volume":"29","author":"Khonina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.04.082","article-title":"Multi-Component Gas Sensing Based on Slotted Photonic Crystal Waveguide with Liquid Infiltration","volume":"184","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2024.105484","article-title":"Highly Sensitive CH4-TDLAS Sensor Based on 3D-Printed Multi-Pass Cell","volume":"141","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wijesinghe, D.R., Zobair, M.A., and Esmaeelpour, M. (2024). A Review on Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Techniques for Gas Sensing. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24206577"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baranwal, J., Barse, B., Gatto, G., Broncova, G., and Kumar, A. (2022). Electrochemical Sensors and Their Applications: A Review. Chemosensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors10090363"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.154999","article-title":"Chemiresistor Gas Sensors: Design, Challenges, and Strategies: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"498","author":"Najafi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3435","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00071a017","article-title":"Electrochemical Gas Sensor with Extremely Fast Response Times","volume":"65","author":"Tierney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjac.2024.100401","article-title":"A Review on H2 Sensors Based on FET","volume":"52","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2025.217087","article-title":"Advances in Metal-Organic Framework-Based Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Sensors","volume":"546","author":"Feng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.09.238","article-title":"High Frequency QCM Based Sensor System for Sensitive Detection of Dissolved Analytes","volume":"5","author":"Stehrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2025.118157","article-title":"Surface Acoustic Wave Gas Sensors: Recent Developments and Their Role in Sensing Technology","volume":"317","author":"Ramaraj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butt, M.A., Kazanskiy, N.L., and Khonina, S.N. (2023). Metasurfaces and Several Well-Studied Applications. Photonics Elements for Sensing and Optical Conversions, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003439165-5"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2023.3290953","article-title":"High Sensitive Metasurface Absorber for Refractive Index Sensing","volume":"22","author":"Agrahari","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2025.113743","article-title":"Ultra-Sensitive Refractive Index Sensing Enabled by High-Q Hybrid Plasmonic Metasurface Absorbers","volume":"192","author":"Butt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82981","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2991331","article-title":"Temperature Tunable Narrow-Band Terahertz Metasurface Absorber Based on InSb Micro-Cylinder Arrays for Enhanced Sensing Application","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c03625","article-title":"Dynamic Hybrid Metasurfaces","volume":"21","author":"Abdollahramezani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20904","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72018-6","article-title":"Phase and Amplitude Simultaneously Coding Metasurface with Multi-Frequency and Multifunctional Electromagnetic Modulations","volume":"14","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"076401","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/79\/7\/076401","article-title":"A Review of Metasurfaces: Physics and Applications","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302794","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202302794","article-title":"A Review on Reconfigurable Metalenses Revolutionizing Flat Optics","volume":"12","author":"Khonina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32867","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32867","article-title":"Broadband Metasurface Holograms: Toward Complete Phase and Amplitude Engineering","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2023.130236","article-title":"High Q All-Dielectric Metasurface Sensor for Seawater Salinity and Temperature Simultaneous Measurements","volume":"555","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s44310-025-00092-3","article-title":"Photonics in Flatland: Challenges and Opportunities for Nanophotonics with 2D Semiconductors","volume":"2","author":"Azimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Nanophoton."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3350","article-title":"Molecules in Flatland","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.17.001755","article-title":"Flatland Optics: Fundamentals","volume":"17","author":"Lohmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.6b00645","article-title":"Flatland Optics with Hyperbolic Metasurfaces","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moccia, M., Castaldi, G., Al\u00f9, A., and Galdi, V. (2023). Exploring Interface Effects in Flatland Optics. Proceedings of the 2023 Seventeenth International Congress on Artificial Materials for Novel Wave Phenomena (Metamaterials), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/Metamaterials58257.2023.10289349"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1593051","article-title":"Near-Field Optics on Flatland: From Noble Metals to van Der Waals Materials","volume":"4","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Phys. X"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.131089","article-title":"Perspectives on 2D-Borophene Flatland for Smart Bio-Sensing","volume":"308","author":"Ruotolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2016-0137","article-title":"Flatland Plasmonics and Nanophotonics Based on Graphene and Beyond","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09008-0","article-title":"Gas Identification with Graphene Plasmons","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2025.116079","article-title":"First-Principles Investigation of Stanene-Based Toxic Gas Sensors: Coupled Electrical and Optical Sensitivities","volume":"404","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butt, M.A., Kazanskiy, N.L., Khonina, S.N., Voronkov, G.S., Grakhova, E.P., and Kutluyarov, R.V. (2023). A Review on Photonic Sensing Technologies: Status and Outlook. Biosensors, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.1163.v1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s44310-025-00081-6","article-title":"From Performance to Structure: A Comprehensive Survey of Advanced Metasurface Design for next-Generation Imaging","volume":"2","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Nanophoton."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2023.3256584","article-title":"Polarization- and Angle-Insensitive Tunable Metasurface for Electro-Optic Modulation","volume":"35","author":"Bhowmik","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlaseng.2025.108992","article-title":"Dynamic Control of Bidirectional Terahertz Wavefront Based on Thermally Active Metasurfaces","volume":"191","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Lasers Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-024-00697-2","article-title":"Smart Mid-Infrared Metasurface Microspectrometer Gas Sensing System","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99068-8","article-title":"Huygens Metasurface Supporting Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum for Terahertz Gas Sensing","volume":"15","author":"Vidal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, W., Zhou, R., Du, Z., Ling, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhao, D., Shao, J., Luo, S., and Chen, D. (2022). A Dual-Band Carbon Dioxide Sensor Based on Metal\u2013TiO2\u2013Metal Metasurface Covered by Functional Material. Photonics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics9110855"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazanskiy, N.L., Butt, M.A., and Khonina, S.N. (2021). Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor Based on Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Polymer Deposited on Silicon Nano-Cylinders Metasurface. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020378"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-08061-3","article-title":"Highly Selective and Efficient Gas Sensor Based on a Narrow-Band IR Metamaterial Absorber Using Numerical Simulation","volume":"7","author":"Fite","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwanaga, M. (2022). Rapid Detection of Attomolar SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acids in All-Dielectric Metasurface Biosensors. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12110987"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-024-00574-4","article-title":"Metasurface-Enabled Multifunctional Single-Frequency Sensors without External Power","volume":"16","author":"Tashiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11598","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c03310","article-title":"Metasurface Micro\/Nano-Optical Sensors: Principles and Applications","volume":"16","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405750","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202405750","article-title":"Meta-Attention Deep Learning for Smart Development of Metasurface Sensors","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazanskiy, N.L., Khonina, S.N., and Butt, M.A. (2023). Recent Development in Metasurfaces: A Focus on Sensing Applications. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13010118"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Singh, H., and Singh, D.K. (2025). Metasurfaces in Optical Biosensing: Revolutionizing Detection Techniques and Shaping the Future. Photonics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12040360"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-024-01808-1","article-title":"Low-Loss Metasurfaces Based on Discretized Meta-Atoms","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201959","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202201959","article-title":"A Generative Meta-Atom Model for Metasurface-Based Absorber Designs","volume":"11","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20934","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CP01634G","article-title":"Dynamically Tunable Bound States in the Continuum Metasurfaces with Simultaneous Ultrahigh-Q and Multi-Resonance Tunability","volume":"27","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41244","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.541087","article-title":"High-Sensitivity Multi-Gas Detection Using Dual-Ridge Metasurface Emitters with Polarization-Distinguishable Emission Spectra","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., and Ma, T. (2025). Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor Based on Terahertz Metasurface with Asymmetric Cross-Shaped Holes Empowered by Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/s25134178"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"231","article-title":"Design of Tunable Dual-Gas Sensor Based on Phase Transition of VO2 in Metasurface","volume":"Volume 12154","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Photonics and OptoElectronics Meetings (POEM 2021)"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2025.132475","article-title":"Bidirectional UV Metasurface: Achieving Switchable Perfect Absorption for Gas\/Biosensing and Optical Shielding","volume":"596","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.20.000569","article-title":"Temporal Coupled-Mode Theory for the Fano Resonance in Optical Resonators","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.82.2257","article-title":"Fano Resonances in Nanoscale Structures","volume":"82","author":"Miroshnichenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053841","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.97.053841","article-title":"Modified Dipole-Dipole Interaction and Dissipation in an Atomic Ensemble near Surfaces","volume":"97","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068107d","article-title":"Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species","volume":"108","author":"Homola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Carlo, M., De Leonardis, F., Soref, R.A., Colatorti, L., and Passaro, V.M.N. (2022). Non-Hermitian Sensing in Photonics and Electronics: A Review. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22113977"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TC03649F","article-title":"Dual-Polarization and Dual-Band Quasi-BIC Metasurface for Tunable Absorption and High-Sensitivity Sensing","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTCON.509803","article-title":"High-Performance Plasmonic Metasurface Sensor by Triangular Nano-Structures","volume":"3","author":"Jafari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Contin."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/adc30f","article-title":"A Perspective on Plasmonic Metasurfaces: Unlocking New Horizons for Sensing Applications","volume":"36","author":"Butt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1501168","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501168","article-title":"Hybrid Bilayer Plasmonic Metasurface Efficiently Manipulates Visible Light","volume":"2","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-018-0066-1","article-title":"Optical Conductivity-Based Ultrasensitive Mid-Infrared Biosensing on a Hybrid Metasurface","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Light. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183103","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5094417","article-title":"Narrow Fano Resonances in Si Nanocylinder Metasurfaces: Refractive Index Sensing","volume":"125","author":"Abujetas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zhang, X., Zhao, B., Wu, B., Zhang, H., and Tang, S. (2021). Simultaneous Measurements of Refractive Index and Methane Concentration through Electromagnetic Fano Resonance Coupling in All-Dielectric Metasurface. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113612"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c00188","article-title":"Beyond Q: The Importance of the Resonance Amplitude for Photonic Sensors","volume":"9","author":"Conteduca","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe9943","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe9943","article-title":"Holographic Metasurface Gas Sensors for Instantaneous Visual Alarms","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-023-01169-4","article-title":"Integrated Metasurfaces for Re-Envisioning a near-Future Disruptive Optical Platform","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Light. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rifat, A.A., Rahmani, M., Xu, L., and Miroshnichenko, A.E. (2018). Hybrid Metasurface Based Tunable Near-Perfect Absorber and Plasmonic Sensor. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11071091"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62072-7","article-title":"Efficient GHz Electro-Optical Modulation with a Nonlocal Lithium Niobate Metasurface in the Linear and Nonlinear Regime","volume":"16","author":"Sabatti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadt9159","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adt9159","article-title":"Ultranarrow-Linewidth Wavelength-Vortex Metasurface Holography","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosomtwi, D., and Babicheva, V.E. (2023). Beyond Conventional Sensing: Hybrid Plasmonic Metasurfaces and Bound States in the Continuum. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13071261"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4302\/plp.v12i3.1041","article-title":"Narrowband Perfect Metasurface Absorber Based on Impedance Matching","volume":"12","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photonics Lett. Pol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11696","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c02789","article-title":"Phase-Shifting Structured Illumination with a Polarization-Encoded Metasurface","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41427-018-0043-4","article-title":"Phase-Change-Driven Dielectric-Plasmonic Transitions in Chalcogenide Metasurfaces","volume":"10","author":"Gholipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300268","DOI":"10.1002\/adpr.202300268","article-title":"Dynamic Nonlocal Dielectric Metasurfaces: Tuning Collective Lattice Resonances via Substrate\u2013Superstrate Permittivity Contrast","volume":"5","author":"Allayarov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Photonics Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-02076-6","article-title":"Strong Coupling of Collective Optical Resonances in Dielectric Metasurfaces","volume":"14","author":"Allayarov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Light. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soliman, A., Williams, C., and Wilkinson, T.D. (2025). High Transmission Efficiency Hybrid Metal-Dielectric Metasurfaces for Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15181456"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabassum, S., Nayemuzzaman, S.K., Kala, M., Kumar Mishra, A., and Mishra, S.K. (2022). Metasurfaces for Sensing Applications: Gas, Bio and Chemical. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22186896"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c00483","article-title":"Compact Mid-Infrared Gas Sensing Enabled by an All-Metamaterial Design","volume":"20","author":"Lochbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Xu, C., Xie, J., and Lee, C. (2023). Research Progress in Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy: From Performance Optimization, Sensing Applications, to System Integration. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13162377"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20142-2","article-title":"Nanoporous-Structured Metasurface Refractive Index Sensor Employing Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21264","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA02176E","article-title":"High-Q Refractive Index Sensors Based on All-Dielectric Metasurfaces","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16532","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c04740","article-title":"State-of-Polarization-Based Refractive Index Sensing Using Dielectric Metasurfaces","volume":"25","author":"Kramadhati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, S., Tuersun, P., Li, S., Wang, M., and Pu, B. (2025). Refractive Index Sensing Properties of Metal\u2013Dielectric Yurt Tetramer Metasurface. Nanomaterials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15201570"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14289","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.514787","article-title":"Refractive Index Sensing Using Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum in Silicon Metasurfaces","volume":"32","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0776","article-title":"Dual-Resonance Sensing for Environmental Refractive Index Based on Quasi-BIC States in All-Dielectric Metasurface","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20586","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.020586","article-title":"Ultra-Broadband Infrared Metasurface Absorber","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avraham, M., and Nemirovsky, Y. (2025). Multiphysics Optical\u2013Thermal and Mechanical Modeling of a CMOS-SOI-MEMS Infrared Sensor with Metasurface Absorber. Sensors, 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202510.1323.v1"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.549393","article-title":"Enhanced Biochemical Sensing with High-Q Transmission Resonances in Free-Standing Membrane Metasurfaces","volume":"12","author":"Rosas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260701","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0204694","article-title":"Roadmap on Photonic Metasurfaces","volume":"124","author":"Schulz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.111107","article-title":"Exploring Tunable Single-Wavelength Detection Schemes for Guided-Mode Resonance Sensors","volume":"177","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33272","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Metamaterial and Metasurface-Based Biosensor in the Gigahertz, Terahertz, and Optical Frequency Domains","volume":"10","author":"Shamim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10742","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c01703","article-title":"Engineering of Active and Passive Loss in High-Quality-Factor Vanadium Dioxide-Based BIC Metasurfaces","volume":"24","author":"Aigner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adeshina, M.A., Ogunleye, A.M., Lee, H., Mareddi, B., Kim, H., and Park, J. (2024). Graphene\u2013Liquid Crystal Synergy: Advancing Sensor Technologies across Multiple Domains. Materials, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17174431"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193004","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/ada242","article-title":"Recent Developments on 2D-Materials for Gas Sensing Application","volume":"37","author":"Prakash","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200057","DOI":"10.1002\/adsr.202200057","article-title":"Chemical Sensors Based on Graphene and 2D Graphene Analogs","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sens. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milka, I.A., Ahadito, B.R., Hidayati, N., and Said, M. (2026). A Review of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Applications: Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Sustainable Environmental and Energy Devices. C, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/c12010011"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15082","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00078","article-title":"Optical Metasurfaces for Energy Conversion","volume":"122","author":"Wendisch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"100","article-title":"Chemo-Optical Microsensing Systems","volume":"Volume 1511","author":"Lambeck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fiber Optic Sensors: Engineering and Applications"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Caldararu, F., Ionescu, C., Vasile, A., and Caldararu, M. (2005). Chemo-Optical Sensor for Toxic Gases Detection. Proceedings of the 28th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology: Meeting the Challenges of Electronics Technology Progress, 2005, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-9659\/7\/1\/004","article-title":"An Integrated Optical Bragg-Reflector Used as a Chemo-Optical Sensor","volume":"7","author":"Veldhuis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14606","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14606","article-title":"Dynamic Plasmonic Colour Display","volume":"8","author":"Duan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4040","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.465128","article-title":"Visible and Near-Infrared Dual Band Switchable Metasurface Edge Imaging","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2025.111685","article-title":"Tunable Visible Metasurface for Color Sensor Application","volume":"43","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishijima, Y. (2018). Mid Infrared Plasmon Metasurfaces for Sensing Applications. Proceedings of the JSAP-OSA Joint Symposia 2018, Optica Publishing Group. paper 19p_211B_13.","DOI":"10.1364\/JSAP.2018.19p_211B_13"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7111","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.578032","article-title":"Flexible Tunable Terahertz Metasurface Sensor Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-024-00851-w","article-title":"Tunable MEMS-Based Meta-Absorbers for Nondispersive Infrared Gas Sensing Applications","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekiguchi, M., Matsuda, R., Ogawa, Y., Matsushita, K., Ikezawa, S., and Iwami, K. (2023). Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of the Metasurface Optical Gas Sensor Using Deep Ultraviolet Plasmon Resonance. Proceedings of the JSAP-Optica Joint Symposia 2023 Abstracts, Optica Publishing Group. paper 19p_A602_7.","DOI":"10.1364\/JSAPO.2023.19p_A602_7"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2021.111906","article-title":"Hybrid Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Temperature and Biosensing Applications","volume":"123","author":"Butt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.166133","article-title":"Recent Progress in Two-Dimensional Materials: From Emerging Structures and Synthesis Approaches to Electronic and Sensing Applications","volume":"520","author":"Zhuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, J.-K., Park, I.-H., Hong, K., and Kwon, K.C. (2024). Recent Advances in Chemoresistive Gas Sensors Using Two-Dimensional Materials. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14171397"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2026.137007","article-title":"Bridging Porosity and Performance: Design Rules for Industrially Viable Metal Organic Frameworks in CO2 Capture","volume":"390","author":"Vinayak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2022.108091","article-title":"Numerical and Experimental Crossed Analysis of Coated Nanostructures through Nanoindentation","volume":"245","author":"Fauvel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2025.01.017","article-title":"A Noble Metal High-Entropy Alloy for Mid-Infrared Metasurfaces","volume":"49","author":"Nishijima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500204","DOI":"10.1002\/sstr.202500204","article-title":"Metasurface-Assisted Optical Transparency of a Continuous Metal Film","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Struct."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-025-02164-7","article-title":"Robust Ultrahigh-Q Resonances in Tetramer Metasurfaces through Centroid Symmetry Protection and Area Conservation","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2025.132538","article-title":"Highly Doped InSb-Based Semiconductor Hyperbolic Metamaterials with Tunable Plasma Wavelength for Mid-Infrared Photonics","volume":"596","author":"Azmoudeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34783","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.561755","article-title":"Highly Sensitive All-Silicon Plasmonic Metasurface for CO2 Detection Applications","volume":"33","author":"Sayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00403-0","article-title":"Thermally-Curable Nanocomposite Printing for the Scalable Manufacturing of Dielectric Metasurfaces","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsyst. Nanoeng."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12554","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5c02708","article-title":"Dispersion-Engineered Surface Phonon Polariton Metasurfaces for Tunable and Efficient Polarization Conversion","volume":"25","author":"Iyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46272-1","article-title":"Optically Addressable Spin Defects Coupled to Bound States in the Continuum Metasurfaces","volume":"15","author":"Sortino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8917","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c02751","article-title":"Hybrid Anisotropic Plasmonic Metasurfaces with Multiple Resonances of Focused Light Beams","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Jiao, Y., Liang, J., Lou, J., Zhang, J., Lv, J., Du, X., Shen, L., Zheng, B., and Cai, T. (2022). Multifield-Controlled Terahertz Hybrid Metasurface for Switches and Logic Operations. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12213765"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32660-y","article-title":"Design of Electromagnetic Metasurface Using Two Dimensional Crystal Nets","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cap.2025.10.001","article-title":"Bilayer Graphene Metasurface with Dynamically Reconfigurable Terahertz Perfect Absorption","volume":"80","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11227","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.470198","article-title":"Thermal Metasurface with Tunable Narrowband Absorption from a Hybrid Graphene\/Silicon Photonic Crystal Resonance","volume":"31","author":"Nagpal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-018-0055-4","article-title":"Hybrid Graphene Metasurfaces for High-Speed Mid-Infrared Light Modulation and Single-Pixel Imaging","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-65338-2","article-title":"Self-Regulating and Self-Oscillating Metal-Organic Framework Hybrid Plasmonic Metasurfaces","volume":"16","author":"Amyar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.247","article-title":"Plasmonic Meta-Atoms and Metasurfaces","volume":"8","author":"Meinzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.554792","article-title":"Ultraviolet Narrowband All-Dielectric Metasurface Absorber with an Ultra-Thin Absorption Layer","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c06648","article-title":"Hybrid Metasurface Based on Si3N4 Nanopillar for Optical Sensing with Dual Channels","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2024.111460","article-title":"Dynamic Tunable and Switchable Broadband Near-Infrared Absorption Modulator Based on Graphene-Hybrid Metasurface","volume":"180","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33466-8","article-title":"Inverse Designed Plasmonic Metasurface with Parts per Billion Optical Hydrogen Detection","volume":"13","author":"Nugroho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00fchne, J., Weber, T., K\u00fchner, L., Wang, J., Maier, S.A., and Tittl, A. (2021). Fabrication Tolerance Impact on BIC Metasurface Resonances. Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO\/Europe-EQEC), IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CLEO\/Europe-EQEC52157.2021.9542668"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c02704","article-title":"Lithographic Processes for the Scalable Fabrication of Micro- and Nanostructures for Biochips and Biosensors","volume":"6","author":"Fruncillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.2c00563","article-title":"Robustness Analysis of Metasurfaces: Perfect Structures Are Not Always the Best","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2023-0075","article-title":"Temperature Invariant Metasurfaces","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanophotonics"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtelec.2025.100192","article-title":"Comprehensive Advances in Gas Sensing: Mechanisms, Material Innovations, and Applications in Environmental and Health Monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Nagpal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Electron."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houghton, R., Martinetti, A., and Majumdar, A. (2024). A Framework for Selecting and Assessing Wearable Sensors Deployed in Safety Critical Scenarios. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144589"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, X., Wu, G., Wu, W., Li, S., Su, C., Li, L., and Lv, Q. (2025). Biomaterials for Biomarker Imaging and Detection. J. Adv. Res.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.07.049"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, X., Roels, J., Baets, R., and Roelkens, G. (2021). A Miniaturised, Fully Integrated NDIR CO2 Sensor On-Chip. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165347"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/4\/1293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:26:24Z","timestamp":1771320384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/4\/1293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s26041293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26041293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}