{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:03:39Z","timestamp":1771567419375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42241116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42241116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42402230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42402230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences","award":["XH24062A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XH24062A"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF0503202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF0503202"]}]},{"name":"2022 Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions of China for Heaven Lake Talent Program and Macau University of Science and Technology","award":["SKL-LPS(MUST)-2021-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKL-LPS(MUST)-2021-2023"]}]},{"name":"DAR grant in planetology from the French Space Agency"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lunar dark mantle deposits (DMDs), formed by explosive volcanic activity on the Moon, are typically composed of glass- and iron-rich pyroclastic materials, with slight variations in color, crystallinity, and TiO2 concentration by region. This paper proposes a method for identifying DMDs using the YOLOv8 deep learning model, enhanced by the introduction of a multi-scale feature extraction (MSFE) module with an attention mechanism, which improves the model\u2019s ability to detect targets at different scales. First, a DMD dataset was constructed using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) data, with manual annotations of DMD regions and lunar image slicing to optimize computational efficiency. The YOLOv8 architecture, with the incorporated MSFE module, was then used to improve model accuracy in complex terrain. The experimental results showed that the improved DM-YOLO model achieved a precision (P) of 83.9%, a recall (R) of 83.2%, and a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 84.2%, representing increases of 15.2%, 14.4%, and 14.0%, respectively, over those obtained with the original YOLOv8 model. The predicted results were preliminarily verified using FeO abundance data and further confirmed by analysis of M3 spectral absorption features, showing strong consistency with known DMDs in terms of both chemical composition and mineralogical characteristics. Observations showed that DMDs were located primarily in the low- and mid-latitude regions of the Moon, with most deposits found in the lunar highlands. The findings suggest that the DM-YOLO model has significant potential for providing technical support for lunar exploration and resource development, particularly for identifying small-scale features that are difficult to annotate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26041318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T15:28:18Z","timestamp":1771428498000},"page":"1318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global Identification of Lunar Dark Mantle Deposits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Disaster Management, University of Emergency Management, Sanhe 065201, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental Disaster Mechanism and Risk Monitoring, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Disaster Management, University of Emergency Management, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denggao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianguo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2112-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Barriot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Geodesy Observatory of Tahiti, University of French Polynesia, Faa\u2019a 98702, Tahiti, French Polynesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental and Disaster Management, University of Emergency Management, Sanhe 065201, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(85)90136-8","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Lunar Pyroclastic Mantling Deposits","volume":"61","author":"Gaddis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011JE003893","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JE003893","article-title":"Characterization of Previously Unidentified Lunar Pyroclastic Deposits Using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera Data","volume":"117","author":"Gustafson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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