{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:38:44Z","timestamp":1772087924780,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2023YFB4005105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB4005105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the expansion of urban rail transit, increased train operation density, and the large-scale grid integration of renewable energy such as offshore photovoltaic power, traction power supply systems face stricter requirements for operational safety, power supply reliability and energy utilization efficiency. Offshore photovoltaic power, integrated into the traction power supply network via flexible DC transmission technology, promotes renewable energy consumption, but its random and volatile output overlaps with time-varying traction loads, increasing the complexity of DC-side fault characteristics and protection control. Flexible DC technology is a core direction for next-generation traction substations, and three-level converters (key energy conversion units) have advantages over traditional two-level topologies. However, their P-O-N three-terminal DC-side topology introduces new faults (e.g., PO\/ON bipolar short circuits, O-point-to-ground faults), making traditional protection strategies ineffective. In addition, wide system current fluctuation (0.5\u20133 kA) and offshore photovoltaic power fluctuation easily cause fixed-threshold protection maloperation, and the coupling mechanism among modulation strategies, DC bus capacitor voltage dynamics and fault current paths is unclear. To solve these bottlenecks, this paper establishes a simulation model of the system based on the PSCAD\/EMTDC(A professional simulation software for electromagnetic transient analysis in power systems V4.5.3) platform, analyzes the transient electrical characteristics of three-level converters under traction and braking conditions for typical faults, clarifies the coupling mechanism, proposes a condition-adaptive fault identification strategy, and designs a reconfigurable fault energy handling system with bypass thyristors and adaptive crowbar circuits. Simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments show that the proposed scheme completes fault identification and protection within 2\u20133 ms, suppresses fault peak current by more than 70%, limits DC bus overvoltage within \u00b110% of the rated voltage, and has good post-fault recovery performance. It provides a reliable and engineering-feasible protection solution for related systems and technical references for similar flexible DC system protection design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26041350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T10:32:37Z","timestamp":1771583557000},"page":"1350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on Protection of a Three-Level Converter-Based Flexible DC Traction Substation System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of New Energy Power Conversion, Transmission and Intelligent Control, Tianjin 300382, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of New Energy Power Conversion, Transmission and Intelligent Control, Tianjin 300382, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of New Energy Power Conversion, Transmission and Intelligent Control, Tianjin 300382, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Analysis of Intelligent Development Based on Urban Rail Transit Integrated Monitoring System","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. 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