{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T14:41:42Z","timestamp":1778337702993,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008784","name":"Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-PIJ-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-PIJ-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of prostheses that accurately reproduce fine motor skills remains a key challenge for daily assistance applications. This research presents the development of a soft robotic hand prosthesis prototype inspired by the natural behavior of muscles and tendons, incorporating internal vacuum-based reinforcement and textured fingertip surfaces to enhance friction and grasp adaptability, without relying on force sensors. The prosthesis reproduces open-hand and tripod pinch movements through myoelectric signals (EMG) acquired via a wearable armband equipped with eight surface electrodes. The signals are processed in real-time and classified by a lightweight dense neural network implemented on a low-power microcontroller. Tendon-driven actuation enables biomimetic motion with smooth and compliant behavior. The proposed system was validated through laboratory-based functional tests using user-specific models, showing response times ranging from 0.49 to 2.00 s and an overall grasping effectiveness of approximately 80% when manipulating small everyday objects with different geometries. These results indicate that the prototype constitutes an accessible and functional solution for fine motor assistance, with potential applicability in low-cost and resource-constrained myoelectric prosthetic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26051423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T08:50:27Z","timestamp":1772009427000},"page":"1423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hand Prosthesis with Soft Robotics Technology and Artificial Intelligence for Fine Motor Control"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8956-0054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Chaucala-Gualotu\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Mechanics Sciences, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7800-0455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danni","family":"De la Cruz-Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1442-5726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Tobar-Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Mechanics Sciences, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4317-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maritza","family":"Alban-Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Mechanics Sciences, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis6020022","article-title":"Upper limb prostheses by the level of amputation: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Segura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"012018","article-title":"Prosthetic hand using EMG","volume":"Volume 1770","author":"Selvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Journal of Physics: Conference Series"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s44147-025-00773-y","article-title":"Literature review on the design and fabrication of an intelligent robotic hand for grasping various objects using artificial intelligence","volume":"72","author":"Aboud","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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