{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T23:04:48Z","timestamp":1793747088831,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Super-resolution technology significantly enhances the visual quality of low-resolution medical images, resulting in ultra-high-resolution clear images. Super-resolution technology based on artificial intelligence has achieved great success in reconstruction quality. However, like the image restoration task, super-resolution is also an ill-posed problem, and current work lacks consideration of trustworthiness. Medical image super-resolution needs to ensure clarity and, more importantly, to ensure that the output image is reliable and does not produce false details and mislead the diagnosis. To address the trustworthy issue of medical image super-resolution, we design a novel hybrid loss that combines a hinge-based adversarial term with a PSNR-based regularization. In the designed loss function, the adversarial term makes the reconstructed result close to the distribution of the true high-resolution image, thus generating more refined high-frequency textures, while the PSNR-based regularization term explicitly reduces the deviation from the ground truth. We apply this loss in the global-token U-Net backbone network and add a lightweight VGG as the discriminator for adversarial terms. We empirically verify that integrating the proposed methods can enhance the trustworthiness of medical image super-resolution technology while maintaining high reconstruction quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26051454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Global-Token U-Net with Hybrid Loss for Trustworthy Medical Image Super-Resolution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8160-9130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Li, G., Xing, W., Zhao, L., Lan, Z., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., Lin, H., and Lin, Z. 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