{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:25:15Z","timestamp":1790839515660,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan","award":["3138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3138"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CN000013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN000013"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Universities and Research","award":["D93C22000430001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D93C22000430001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014041","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U01 AG024904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AG024904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DOD ADNI","award":["W81XWH-12-2-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-12-2-0012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate prediction of progression to Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is crucial for early intervention and personalized patient management. In this study, we developed a robust, data-driven survival analysis pipeline to model time-to-progression from cognitively normal (CN) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline to AD, integrating cognitive, clinical, MRI and PET neuroimaging biomarkers, and biospecimen features from the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. The ADNI cohort can be regarded as a multi-center platform for multimodal data integration that jointly captures cognitive performance, MRI\/PET imaging-sensor biomarkers, and biofluid biosensing assays within a unified prognostic framework. Accordingly, our pipeline is designed to be robust to cross-site and cross-instrument variability through harmonized preprocessing and quality-check aware integration of heterogeneous multimodal data. Indeed, we employed eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) for predicting survival data, which allows for the native handling of missing values that are frequently observed in real-world clinical datasets. Our results confirm that strong predictive performance can be achieved using a minimal set of features, obtaining a concordance index (C-index) of 0.92 using 13 features and 0.90 using only 4 features. These findings underscore the importance of multi-domain feature integration, transparent feature selection, and the inclusion of underexplored biomarkers such as lipid metabolites for prognostic modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26051523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T08:51:57Z","timestamp":1772441517000},"page":"1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Machine Learning Pipeline for Prognostic Modeling of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Multimodal Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0057-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"De Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0774-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2667-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Attivissimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lanzolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Pich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Foundation of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for Human Development, Via Galliera 32, 40121 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-7755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attilio","family":"Di Nisio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Metabolomics Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/JCMA.0000000000001252","article-title":"A 2025 Update on Treatment Strategies for the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Spectrum","volume":"88","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. 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