{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:10:43Z","timestamp":1792599043792,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62205330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the growing global emphasis on space resources, the significance of space detection and surveillance technologies has escalated. Currently, space-based optical surveillance stands as the primary means for acquiring information on space objects. However, constrained by the diffraction limits of space telescopes, distant space objects are typically imaged as point sources. The resulting lack of sufficient spatial resolution renders traditional image-based recognition algorithms ineffective. In contrast, the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) fully characterizes surface light scattering properties through four-dimensional features, significantly outperforming traditional two-dimensional spectral techniques in material identification. Consequently, leveraging BRDF signatures at varying phase angles has emerged as an effective approach for Space Object Identification. In this study, we developed an automated BRDF measurement system to characterize various typical aerospace materials and investigated the BRDF properties of mixed-material surfaces. A material composition ratio prediction model was constructed based on a One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN). This model effectively extracts key features, including local slope variations and global waveform characteristics, from the BRDF curves. Experimental results demonstrate that the model achieves a maximum relative percentage error of 6.21%, implying a prediction accuracy for mixed-material composition ratios consistently exceeding 93.79%. Compared to image classification methods based on remote sensing imagery, the proposed approach offers higher computational efficiency, significantly reduced model complexity and computational cost, and enhanced robustness. This work provides essential data support for material identification by space-based telescopes and establishes an algorithmic and experimental foundation for intelligent space situational awareness systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26051560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"1560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Automated BRDF Measurement for Aerospace Materials and 1D-CNN-Based Estimation of Mixed-Material Composition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Depu","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2104-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulai","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chertok, B.E. 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