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In this paper, we investigate the role of extremely large-aperture arrays (ELAAs) deployed on board vehicles as a key enabler for the joint enhancement of communication, localization, and sensing functionalities, with particular focus on V2X sidelink transmissions. Leveraging the large spatial aperture of ELAAs, advanced beamfocusing and line-of-sight (LOS)-multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques are reviewed to improve communication reliability and spatial multiplexing in highly dynamic vehicular scenarios. Moreover, we analyze vehicular near-field single-anchor localization and sensing enabled by large arrays, as well as predictive beamforming strategies based on Doppler analysis that enable the estimation of multiple velocity components of surrounding objects and vehicles. This paper highlights the tight interplay between communication and sensing, demonstrating how it can enhance performance across these domains. Our analysis provides insights into the potential of ELAA-based integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) architectures for next-generation vehicular networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26051563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:39:56Z","timestamp":1772455196000},"page":"1563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extremely Large-Aperture Arrays for V2X Communication, Localization and Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0359-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Decarli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT), 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Wireless Communications of National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, (WiLab\u2014CNIT), 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9789-4614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Giovannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT), 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d (DEI), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Wireless Communications of National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, (WiLab\u2014CNIT), 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Guidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT), 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Wireless Communications of National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, (WiLab\u2014CNIT), 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5214-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering \u201cGuglielmo Marconi\u201d (DEI), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Wireless Communications of National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, (WiLab\u2014CNIT), 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5385-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Zanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT), 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Wireless Communications of National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, (WiLab\u2014CNIT), 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara Mav\u00ec","family":"Masini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT), 40136 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"National Laboratory of Wireless Communications of National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications, (WiLab\u2014CNIT), 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10564","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3362515","article-title":"6G Enabled Advanced Transportation Systems","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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