{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:56:01Z","timestamp":1772553361053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2024 Qian Xuesen Youth Innovation Foundation","award":["KY-11333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY-11333"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To ensure personnel safety and prevent serious accidents, it is crucial to monitor parameters such as temperature, pressure, and gas composition concentrations in confined spaces. This study proposes a multi-parameter simultaneous inversion algorithm based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). The algorithm integrates the Levenberg\u2013Marquardt (L-M) fitting method, single-line thermometry and manometry methods, spectral separation, and alternating iteration techniques, with an adaptive feedback mechanism adding to enhance convergence stability. Through this approach, simultaneous inversion of H2O, CO2, CO, and O2 concentrations, temperature, and pressure was successfully achieved. Simulation results demonstrated that the measurement accuracy meets practical requirements. This study provides an effective monitoring method for multi-parameter detection in confined spaces within conventional environments and lays a foundation for expanding the application scope of TDLAS technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26051585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:48:56Z","timestamp":1772542136000},"page":"1585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Algorithm for the Simultaneous Measurement of Multiple Parameters Based on Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huiwen","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gui","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianfa","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongqing","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"174","article-title":"Research Progress of Ambient Air Monitoring Technology in Confined Space","volume":"22","author":"Lang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Inf."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"9","article-title":"Research Progress on the Application of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy","volume":"45","author":"Nie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, W., Xu, Z., and Kan, R. (2018). Development of a Dew\/Frost Point Temperature Sensor Based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy and Its Application in a Cryogenic Wind Tunnel. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082704"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21497","DOI":"10.3390\/s141121497","article-title":"Rapid, time-division multiplexed, direct absorption- and wavelength modulation-spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"364","article-title":"Application of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy in Breath Diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Lasers"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2014.05.027","article-title":"Infrared laser absorption sensors for multiple performance parameters in a detonation","volume":"35","author":"Goldenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, R.A., Carr, Z.R., Dufrene, A.T., and Mehta, M. (2016, January 4\u20138). Space Launch System Base Heating Test: Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy. Proceedings of the 54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2016-0548"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mudgett, P.D., Manney, J.A., Smith, M.J., O\u2019Connor, S.J., and Pilgrim, J.S. (2017, January 16\u201320). US Navy Submarine Sea Trial of NASA developed Multi-Gas Monitor. Proceedings of the 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, SC, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Mudgett, P.D., Coan, M.R., Limero, T., and Pilgrim, J.S. (2017, January 13). Second Generation Multi-Gas Monitor for ISS and Orion: The Anomaly Gas Analyzer. Proceedings of the Submarine Air Monitoring Air Purification Conference (SAMAP 2017), Uncasville, CT, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2018.06.182","article-title":"In situ sensor for cycle-resolved measurement of temperature and mole fractions in IC engine exhaust gases","volume":"37","author":"Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proci.2020.06.125","article-title":"Time-resolved, single-ended laser absorption thermometry and H2O, CO2, and CO speciation in a H2\/C2H4-fueled rotating detonation engine","volume":"38","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-021-07703-9","article-title":"High-bandwidth absorption-spectroscopy measurements of temperature, pressure, CO, and H2O in the annulus of a rotating detonation rocket engine","volume":"127","author":"Mathews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"114","article-title":"Monitoring of Multi-component Gas Concentration in Coal Mine Based on TDLAS Technology","volume":"53","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Photonica Sin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2025.118169","article-title":"Simultaneous Mach number, thrust, and combustion efficiency measurement for a scramjet by using a beam-jitter-resistant TDLAS sensor","volume":"256","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meshcherinov, V., Gazizov, I., Pravuk, B., Kazakov, V., and Zenevich, S. (2026). An Open-Path Eddy-Covariance Laser Spectrometer for Simultaneous Monitoring of CO2, CH4, and H2O. Sensors, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/s26020462"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26618","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.432361","article-title":"Calibration-free wavelength modulation spectroscopy based on even-order harmonics","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4073(68)90081-2","article-title":"An empirical approximation to the Voigt profile","volume":"8","author":"Whiting","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avetisov, V., Bjoroey, O., Wang, J., Geiser, P., and Paulsen, K.G. (2019). Hydrogen Sensor Based on Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201911.0028.v1"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"470","article-title":"Research on Multi-parameter Measurement Method Based on Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy","volume":"35","author":"Qu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Waves"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/5\/1585\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T13:01:12Z","timestamp":1772542872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/5\/1585"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s26051585"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26051585","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]}}}