{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:39:31Z","timestamp":1773265171503,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2024-00350273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00350273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxygen permeability (Dk) is a key parameter for evaluating the ability of contact lenses to supply oxygen to the cornea. Although the polarographic method has been standardized as a reference technique for Dk measurement, conventional polarographic electrode cells are limited to a narrow central measurement area of approximately 4 mm in diameter, which may not adequately represent oxygen transport under actual wearing conditions. In this study, a modified polarographic electrode cell enabling wide-field oxygen permeability measurement over an expanded central area with a diameter of 11 mm was developed and evaluated under ISO 18369 measurement conditions. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated by comparing its accuracy, repeatability, and relative error with those of a conventional polarographic electrode cell using plano hydrogel contact lens samples with different uniform thicknesses. The Dk values obtained using the modified measurement cell did not show a statistically significant difference compared to those measured with the conventional measurement cell (t = 2.682, p = 0.055), and the relative error between the two systems was 1.93%, meeting the ISO acceptance criteria for the development of a new testing method. These results demonstrate that wide-field Dk measurement can be achieved without compromising reliability, providing a more representative and ISO-compliant approach for contact lens oxygen permeability evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26051725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:16:12Z","timestamp":1773051372000},"page":"1725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wide-Field Oxygen Permeability Measurement of Contact Lenses Using a Modified Polarographic Electrode Cell"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1938-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Hong","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13135, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International College of Optometry, Jining Polytechnic, 77 Jinyu Road, Jining 272007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8722-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Yeon","family":"Pyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Olens Gangnam Daechi Optical Center, 102-1, 2936 Nambusunhwan-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06291, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7762-2615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki-Choong","family":"Mah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Vision Care Research Institute, 12-17, 14 Gosanja-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04750, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Luce Vision Center, B1, 401 Teheran-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06162, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8887-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Jin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Jeonbuk Science College, 117 Chungjeong-ro, Jeongeup-si 56204, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3922-8542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Young","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13135, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2024.101872","article-title":"Advancements in the chemistry of contact lenses: Innovations and applications","volume":"12","author":"Abdulamier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.12.002","article-title":"Importance of contact lens power and thickness in oxygen transmissibility","volume":"38","author":"Lira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.06.024","article-title":"A single-lens polarographic measurement of oxygen permeability (Dk) for hypertransmissible soft contact lenses","volume":"28","author":"Chhabra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.07.012","article-title":"The significance of oxygen during contact lens wear","volume":"37","author":"Papas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Contact Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"110779","article-title":"Oxygen transfer in the human cornea: Sensitivity and error-propagation analyses incorporating an oxygen-tension-dependent diffusion coefficient","volume":"251","author":"Krantz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. 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Ophthalmic Optics\u2014Contact Lenses\u2014Part 3: Measurement Methods (Standard No. ISO 18369-3:2017)."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/5\/1725\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T05:35:23Z","timestamp":1773207323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/26\/5\/1725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s26051725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s26051725","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]}}}