{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:59:45Z","timestamp":1778896785964,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2020-04057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2020-04057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGSD3-559333\u20132021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGSD3-559333\u20132021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["173416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["173416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008459","name":"University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This investigation assessed the neurovascular coupling response through integrated assessments of neuronal function [electroencephalography (EEG)], microvascular oxygenation concentrations [functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)], and arterial responses [transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD)]. The NVC response was assessed in 113 participants (86 females, aged 19\u201340 years) during visual (\u201cWhere\u2019s Waldo?\u201d) and motor (finger tapping) tasks. Block-averaged, time\u2013frequency power was computed from the EEG data, while hemodynamic response functions were obtained from the fNIRS and TCD metrics. Granger causality assessed the predictiveness between EEG-fNIRS-TCD waveforms for each participant and was converted into a percentage of individuals displaying a significant value. Linear models were computed to determine the influence of sex, concussion history, young adulthood age, cardiorespiratory fitness, and mental health\/learning disabilities on NVC parameters. During the initial 10 s of task onset, unidirectional predictiveness was weak to very strong for EEG-TCD (range: 47\u201383%) and fNIRS-TCD (44\u201392%) relationships; however, very weak to weak predictiveness was seen for the E0EG-fNIRS (0\u201329%) relationship for both tasks. Aside from known sex-, age-, and fitness-based influences on baseline\/peak hemodynamic values (p &lt; 0.050), the addition of concussion history and mental health\/learning disabilities had minimal influence on NVC responses (p &gt; 0.050). The findings demonstrated a unidirectional feedforward mechanism from the neuronal and microvasculature to the upstream arteries during task onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26061790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:12:24Z","timestamp":1773321144000},"page":"1790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Direct Evidence for the Feedforward Neurovascular Coupling Mechanism in Humans During Task Onset: An EEG-fNIRS-TCD Multimodal Imaging Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9756-5793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel S.","family":"Burma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5397-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew G.","family":"Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6557-2913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth K. S.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jina","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan E.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerebrovascular Concussion Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5951-5899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-0438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantel T.","family":"Debert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Integrated Concussion Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9728-2654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff 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