{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T09:31:41Z","timestamp":1773394301548,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003327","name":"Cooperative Research Centres Projects","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRCPXI000116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRCPXI000116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003327","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Industry, Science, and Resources, The Commonwealth of Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable systems based on inertial measurement units (IMUs) have attracted considerable interest in recent years in the field of gait analysis. However, most gait studies using such devices have been conducted in laboratory rather than clinical settings. This study evaluated a commercially available IMU-based insole system in two cohorts: a clinical group (59 \u00b1 18, years) recruited from podiatry clinics and a non-clinical group (28 \u00b1 7, years) recruited from a university with no reported complaints. Participants wore the IMU-based device and performed treadmill walking (clinical group) and overground walking (non-clinical group). Spatiotemporal parameters were compared between groups using statistical analyses included the Shapiro\u2013Wilk test, Mann\u2013Whitney test, and Welch\u2019s t-tests for non-bilateral data, and a two-factor linear mixed-effects model estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) for bilateral spatiotemporal parameters to evaluate group, foot-side, and interaction effects. Ten of the twenty-two spatiotemporal parameters showed significant group differences, with statistical significance observed in at least one foot for parameters measured bilaterally. The observed differences may reflect a combination of clinical characteristics, age-related effects, and walking environment influences. Findings are discussed in relation to potential biomechanical mechanisms, factors influencing results and the clinical utility of IMU systems. Future research should investigate specific foot conditions under standardized walking conditions with age-matched cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26061802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:27:51Z","timestamp":1773332871000},"page":"1802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IMU-Based Wearable Insoles in Clinical Settings: Key Parameters Differentiating Clinical and Non-Clinical Populations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5491-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7592-7850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerrie","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Healthia Limited, Bowen Hills, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2405-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Healthia Limited, Bowen Hills, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"iOrthotics Pty Ltd., Windsor, QLD 4030, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7039-8921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7302-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Veidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou 451162, China"},{"name":"Nantong Institute of Advanced Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Nantong 226300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/1084822309343277","article-title":"Introduction to Observational Gait Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Wallmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Home Health Care Manag. 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