{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T15:05:14Z","timestamp":1773759914909,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03WIR0112B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03WIR0112B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low back pain (LBP) represents an immense economic burden, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 84%. However, conventional diagnostic methods such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or X-rays provide only limited information about the pathogenesis and specific pain-related functional limitations. Wearable inertial sensors (IMU) and electromyography sensors (EMG) offer an expanded spectrum for the targeted identification and diagnosis of LBP. The aim of the study is to develop and evaluate a standardized multi-sensor functional assessment protocol for the subcategorization of functional deficits in LBP. Based on a systematic literature review, a standardized and objectively measurable functional LBP assessment protocol was defined that tests fatigue resistance, neuromuscular control, lumbopelvic stability, and global trunk musculature. Subsequently, 38 individuals were recruited in a prospective cross-sectional study and divided into three groups: \u201chealthy,\u201d \u201cmild pain,\u201d and \u201csevere pain.\u201d These individuals underwent an assessment. The two pain groups differed significantly from the symptom-free individuals in all previously defined functional levels. In addition, the two pain groups also differed significantly from each other. The functional assessment, which incorporates IMUs and EMG sensors as central diagnostic elements, enables the identification of functional deficits and associated neuromuscular characteristics, thus enabling individualized therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26061882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:42:16Z","timestamp":1773751336000},"page":"1882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deduction of Back Pain Patients Using EMG Technology and Inertial Sensors During Functional Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Floessel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center for Orthopedics, Trauma & Plastic Surgery\u2014Section Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Freya Charlotte","family":"Wunderlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center for Orthopedics, Trauma & Plastic Surgery\u2014University Comprehensive Spine Center (UCSC), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jil-Justin","family":"Funke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center for Orthopedics, Trauma & Plastic Surgery\u2014University Comprehensive Spine Center (UCSC), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Kaplick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center for Orthopedics, Trauma & Plastic Surgery\u2014University Comprehensive Spine Center (UCSC), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6772-6808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Jens","family":"Koltermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center for Orthopedics, Trauma & Plastic Surgery\u2014University Comprehensive Spine Center (UCSC), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Disch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Center for Orthopedics, Trauma & Plastic Surgery\u2014University Comprehensive Spine Center (UCSC), Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/0019793920925806","article-title":"More and Better Jobs, But Not for Everyone: Effects of Innovation in French Firms","volume":"75","author":"Duhautois","year":"2022","journal-title":"ILR Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1177\/0896920520986235","article-title":"The Growth of the Office Economy: Underrecognized Sector in High-Income Economies","volume":"47","author":"Rose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. 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