{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:51:57Z","timestamp":1773924717826,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cIDUB\u201d program of the Warsaw University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the design of a sensor system for remote measurements of exhaust emissions from automotive combustion engines. The system\u2019s purpose is to determine the likelihood of a given vehicle\u2019s potential harmfulness to the environment. This system, if implemented, could detect vehicles posing a threat to the environment in road traffic. A remote measurement system can be installed in the front of a measuring vehicle driving behind the vehicle being diagnosed. This approach allows for rapid road testing of multiple vehicles while they are operating in real-world conditions where engines can emit the highest levels of undesirable pollutants. Exceeding emission standards may be related to modifications made to the vehicle\u2019s exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, engine wear, or malfunctions of engine-related systems such as the diesel particulate filter (DPF) or catalytic converter. Toxic and undesirable substances include carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM) particles. The main goal of the measurements is to identify vehicles that potentially pose a threat to the environment during normal operation. The sensor system consists of several types of sensors utilizing various physical and chemical phenomena, with particular emphasis on their low cost and easy availability. The measurement unit utilizes MEMS technology, photoacoustic spectroscopy, electrochemical methods, light absorption and scattering, spectrophotometry, and electro-optical detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s26061928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:54:37Z","timestamp":1773910477000},"page":"1928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Remote Sensor System for Assessing the Toxicity of Car Exhaust Gases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3004-7956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Wi\u0119c\u0142awski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 05-524 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5460-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u0119drzej","family":"M\u0105czak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 05-524 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2187-5776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Szczurowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 05-524 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degner, M., and Ewald, H. 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